The description of the pharmacology of psychotomimetics, cannabis, and alcohol in this third volume concludes the discussion on psychotropic agents. As psychomotor stimulants these groups of psychotropic agents are of little or no therapeutic relevance, but since they are used in a nonmedical manner, or are even considered by some groups of the population as social commodities, their behavioral effects and psychopharmacological properties are not the concern of the pharmacol­ ogist alone. The same is true of psychotomimetics, as well as cannabis and its components. Psychotomimetics have a social history going back many hundreds of years and are among the most potent psychotropic agents known to man. The closing description of psychopharmacology also deals with the psychotropic effects of a number of drugs not primarily considered to be psychotropic. Their psychotropic effects are either an inherent constituent of their therapeutic profile, as is the case with opiates, hypnotics, and caffeine, or they may occur indirectly as side effects or accompanying effects during therapy. This applies to p-adrenoreceptor antagonists and anticholinergics. The editors are also aware that a description of psychotropic agents would not have been complete without discussing the medical, ethical, and legal aspects of the development, clinical testing, and use of such drugs.

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Psychotomimetics.- 1 Chemistry of Psychotomimetics.- A. Introduction.- I. Terminology.- II. Methods of Assay.- III. Classification.- B. Psychotomimetics Structurally Related to Serotonin.- I. Indoles.- 1. Nitrogen-Substituted Tryptamine Derivatives.- 2. Ring-Substituted Tryptamine Derivatives.- II. Beta-Carbolines.- III. Ergot-Related Drugs.- 1. Synthetic Lysergic Acid Derivatives.- 2. Natural Lysergic Acid Derivatives.- C. Psychotomimetics Structurally Related to Dopamine.- I. Phenethylamines.- II. Phenylisopropylamines.- D. Psychotomimetics Structurally Related to Acetylcholine: Atropine-Related Drugs.- E. Miscellaneous Psychotomimetics.- I. Ibotenic Acid.- II. Dissociative Anesthetics.- III. Ibogaine.- IV. Kavakava.- V. Marihuana.- References.- 2 Pharmacology and Toxicology of Psychotomimetics.- A. Introduction.- B. Definition of a Psychotomimetic Drug.- C. Types of Psychotomimetics.- D. Epidemiologic Aspects.- E. The LSD-Mescaline-Psilocybin Group.- I. Chemistry.- II. Pharmacology.- III. Clinical Effects.- IV. Adverse Effects.- F. Harmine Alkaloids and Piperidyl Benzilates.- G. Phencyclidine.- I. History.- II. Chemistry.- III. Pharmacology.- IV. Clinical Effects.- V. Overdoses.- H. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Psychotomimetics: Behavioral Pharmacology.- A. Introduction.- B. The Behavioral Pharmacology of LSD and Related Compounds.- I. Operant (Instrumental) Behavior.- 1. Positive Reinforcement: Schedule-Controlled Behavior.- 2. Negative Reinforcement: Escape and Avoidance Behavior.- II. Respondent (Pavlovian) Behavior.- 1. Appetitive Conditioning.- 2. Aversive (Defense) Conditioning.- III. Perceptual Effects.- IV. Tolerance and Related Phenomena.- 1. Tolerance.- 2. Cross-Tolerance.- 3. Dependence.- V. Stimulus Properties of Psychotomimetics.- 1. Discriminative Stimulus Properties.- 2. Reinforcing Properties.- 3. Unconditioned Stimulus Properties.- C. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 4 Biochemical Pharmacology of Psychotomimetics.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects in Man.- C. 5-HT and LSD.- I. The First 60 min.- II. Beyond 60 min.- III. LSD-5 HT Summary.- D. Other Psychotomimetics.- E. LSD and Catecholamines.- F. Lisuride and LSD.- G. Tolerance, Blockade, and Enhancement of LSD Effects.- H. Adenylate Cyclase.- I. Stereospecific Binding.- J. Conclusion.- References.- 5 Neurophysiology Properties of Psychotomimetics.- A. Introduction.- B. Psychotomimetic Drugs and Related Neurotransmitters.- I. Psychedelics.- 1. LSD and the Simple Indoleamines.- 2. Mescaline and Methoxyamphetamines.- II. Stimulants.- 1. Comparison of Amphetamine Isomers on the Activity of NE and DA Neurons.- 2. Differential Actions of Amphetamine Isomers on Striatal and Non-striatal DA Systems.- III. Deliriants.- 1. Antimuscarinic Drugs and Central Cholinergic Pathways.- 2. Action of Physostigmine in Cholinergic Pathways.- 3. Deliriants as a Model for Human Memory Disorders.- C. General Conclusions.- I. Stimulants.- II. Deliriants.- III. Psychedelic Drugs.- References.- 6 Dependence-Producing Liability of LSD and Similar Psychotomimetics.- A. Introduction: Definition of Drug Dependence.- B. Discovery of and Effects of LSD.- C. Problems in Assessing Dependence-Producing Liability.- D. Social Factors and the Dependence-Producing Liability of LSD.- E. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Cannabis.- 7 Chemistry of Cannabis.- A. Introduction.- B. Naturally Occurring Cannabinoids.- I. Isolation and Structure.- II. Chemical Properties.- III. Syntheses.- C. Structure-Activity Relationships (SARs).- D. Cannabinoid Analysis.- E. Cannabinoid Metabolites.- F. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 8 Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cannabis.- A. Introduction.- B. Pharmacokinetic Effects.- I. Absorption.- II. Distribution.- III. Elimination.- C. Pharmacodynamic Effects.- I. In Information-Bearing Macromolecules.- II. In Functional Macromolecules.- III. In Functional Systems.- 1. Neurotransmission.- 2. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems.- 3. Food Consumption and Temperature Regulation.- 4. Analgetic and Anticonvulsant Effects.- 5. Motor System, Psychomotor Performance Tasks, and EEG.- D. Aspects of Tolerance.- E. Interactions with Other Drugs.- F. Conclusion.- References.- Alcohol.- 9 General Pharmacology and Toxicology of Alcohol.- A. Introduction.- B. General Pharmacology.- I. Absorption.- II. Distribution.- III. Metabolism.- IV. Excretion.- V. Mechanism of Action.- VI. Central Nervous System.- VII. Cardiovascular System.- VIII. Skeletal Muscles.- IX. Gastrointestinal Tract.- X. Miscellaneous.- XI. Tolerance.- C. Interaction of Ethanol and Other Drugs.- I. General Remarks.- II. Interaction of Alcohol with Psychotropic Drugs.- III. Interaction of Alcohol with Nonpsychotropic Drugs.- References.- 10 Behavioral Pharmacology of Alcohol.- A. Introduction.- B. Issues in Measurement and Interpretation.- I. Methodological Issues Specific to Alcohol Studies.- 1. Blood Alcohol Level Measurement.- 2. Alcohol Absorption.- 3. Alcohol Distribution.- 4. Alcohol Metabolism.- II. General Problems of Experimental Design.- 1. Baseline Assessments.- 2. Sex and Menstrual Cycle Phase.- 3. Expectancy About Drug Effects.- 4. Motivation to Perform.- 5. Attention to the Task.- 6. Patterns of Alcohol Administration.- III. Route of Alcohol Administration.- IV. Implications of Behavioral Tolerance.- V. Operational Definitions.- C. Clinical Studies of Alcohol Effects.- I. Alcohol and Mood.- II. Alcohol and Aggression.- III. Alcohol and Sexuality.- IV. Alcohol and Tension.- V. Alcohol and Sociability.- VI. Implications for Analysis of the Reinforcing Properties of Alcohol.- D. Behavioral Studies of Alcohol in Animal Models.- I. Animal Models of Alcohol Addiction.- II. Behavioral Studies of Alcohol Reinforcement.- 1. Effects of Alcohol Dose Per Injection on Alcohol Self-Administration Patterns.- 2. Effects of Saline Substitution.- 3. Effects of Alcohol Pretreatment on Alcohol Self-Administration Patterns.- 4. Effects of Duration of Alcohol Access on Alcohol Self-Administration.- E. Conclusions.- References.- 11 Biochemical Pharmacology of Alcohol.- A. Introduction.- B. Physical and Chemical Properties of Ethanol.- C. Peripheral Actions of Ethanol Having Indirect Effects in the Brain.- D. Pharmacologic Effects and Mechanisms of Ethanol Action in the Brain.- I. Effects on Oxidative Metabolism.- II. Effects on Ribonucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis.- III. Effects on Neurotransmitters.- 1. Biogenic Amines.- 2. Acetylcholine.- 3. Amino Acids.- IV. Effects on Membranes.- 1. Fluidity.- 2. Lipids.- 3. Sodium- and Potassium-Dependent Adenosine Triphosphatase…