These proceedings gather outstanding papers presented at the China SAE Congress 2021, held on Oct. 19-21, Shanghai, China. Featuring contributions mainly from China, the biggest carmaker as well as most dynamic car market in the world, the book covers a wide range of automotive-related topics and the latest technical advances in the industry. Many of the approaches in the book will help technicians to solve practical problems that affect their daily work. In addition, the book offers valuable technical support to engineers, researchers and postgraduate students in the field of automotive engineering.

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Founded in 1963, China Society of Automotive Engineers (China SAE) is a national academic corporation and a non-profit organization composed of automotive engineers in China upholding voluntary principle. It is also a member of China Association for Science and Technology (CAST). China SAE is the executive member of International Federation of Automotive Engineering Societies (FISITA) and one of the initiators of Asia Pacific Automotive Engineering Conference (APAC). Over the past five decades, we have become a pillar society to promote the sound and sustainable development of China's automotive industry and have earned recognition from all sectors of the society, domestic and international automotive industry, government departments and from the scientific and technical personnel. China SAE has tens of thousands of personal members and hundreds of corporate members with 50 professional committees and has established an operational guidance relationship with all the provincial societies of automotive engineers. China SAE has become a significant force to spread new ideas, technologies and concepts of China's automotive industry and acts as a bridge to promote