This volume, the third in this Springer series, contains selected papers from the four workshops organized by the ESF Research Networking Programme "The Philosophy of Science in a European Perspective" (PSE) in 2010: Pluralism in the Foundations of Statistics Points of Contact between the Philosophy of Physics and the Philosophy of Biology The Debate on Mathematical Modeling in the Social Sciences Historical Debates about Logic, Probability and Statistics The volume is accordingly divided in four sections, each of them containing papers coming from the workshop focussing on one of these themes. While the programme's core topic for the year 2010 was probability and statistics, the organizers of the workshops embraced the opportunity of building bridges to more or less closely connected issues in general philosophy of science, philosophy of physics and philosophy of the special sciences. However, papers that analyze the concept of probability for various philosophical purposes are clearly a major theme in this volume, as it was in the previous volumes of the same series. This reflects the impressive productivity of probabilistic approaches in the philosophy of science, which form an important part of what has become known as formal epistemology - although, of course, there are non-probabilistic approaches in formal epistemology as well. It is probably fair to say that Europe has been particularly strong in this area of philosophy in recent years.

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MARCEL WEBER, Preface.- Team A: Formal Methods

SEAMUS BRADLEY, Dutch Book Arguments and Imprecise Probabilities.-TIMOTHY CHILDERS, Objectifying Subjective Probabilities: Dutch Book Arguments for Principles of Direct Inference.- ILKKA NIINILUOTO, The Foundations of Statistics: Inference vs. Decision.- ROBERTO FESTA, **On the Verisimilitude of Tendency Hypotheses.-GERHARD SCHURZ, Tweety, or Why Probabilism and even Bayesianism Need Objective and Evidential Probabilities.-DAVID ATKINSON AND JEANNE PEIJNENBURG, Pluralism in Probabilistic Justification.-

JAN-WILLEM ROMEIJN, RENS VAN DE SCHOOT, HERBERT HOIJTINK, One Size Does not Fit All: Proposal for a Prior-adapted BIC.- ****

Team B: Philosophy of the Natural and Life Sciences

**Team D: Philosophy of the Physical Sciences.-**MAURO DORATO, Mathematical Biology and the Existence of Biological Laws.-FEDERICA RUSSO, On Empirical Generalisations.-SEBASTIAN MATEIESCU, **The Limitsof Interventionism Causality in the Social Sciences.-MICHAEL ESFELD, Causal Realism.-HOLGER LYRE, ****Structural Invariants, Structural Kinds, Structural Laws.-PAUL HOYNINGEN-HUENE, Santa's Gift of Structural Realism.-STEVEN FRENCH, The Resilience of Laws and the Ephemerality of Objects: Can a Form of Structuralism be Extended to Biology?.- MICHELA MASSIMI, ****Natural Kinds, Conceptual Change, and the Duck-bill Platypus: LaPorte on Incommensurability.-THOMAS A. C. REYDON, ****Essentialism about Kinds: An Undead Issue in the Philosophies of Physics and Biology?.-CHRISTIAN SACHSE, ****Biological Laws and Kinds within a Conservative Reductionist Framework.-ARIE I. KAISER, ****Why It Is Time to Move beyond Nagelian Reduction.-CHARLOTTE WERNDL, Probability, Indeterminism and Biological Processes.-BENGT AUTZEN, Bayesianism, Convergence and Molecular Phylogenetics.-

**Team C: Philosophy of the Cultural and Social Sciences.-**ILKKA NIINILUOTO, Quantities as Realistic Idealizations.-MARCEL BOUMANS, Mathematics as Quasi-matter to Build Models as Instruments.-DAVID F. HENDRY, Mathematical Models and Economic Forecasting: Some Uses and Mis-Uses of Mathematics in Economics.-JAVIER ECHEVERRIA, Technomathematical Models in the Social Sciences.-DONALD GILLIES, The Use of Mathematics in Physics and Economics: A Comparison.-DANIEL ANDLER, ****Mathematics in Cognitive Science.-LADISLAV KVASZ, What Can the Social Sciences Learn from the Process of Mathematization in the Natural Sciences.-MARIA CARLA GALAVOTTI, ****Probability, Statistics, and Law.-ADRIAN MIROIU, ****Experiments in Political Science: The Case of the Voting Rules.-

Team E: History of the Philosophy of Science

VOLKER PECKHAUS, The Beginning of Model Theory in the Algebra of Logic.-GRAHAM STEVENS, Incomplete Symbols and the Theory of Logical Types.-DONATA ROMIZI, ****Statistical Thinking between Natural and Social Sciences and the Issue of the Unity of**Science: From Quetelet to the Vienna Circle.-ARTUR KOTERSKI, The Backbone of the Straw Man. Popper's Critique of the Vienna Circle's Inductivism.-THOMAS UEBEL, Carnap's Logic of Science and Personal Probability.-MICHAEL STÖLTZNER, Erwin Schrödinger, Vienna Indeterminist.-MIKLOS REDEI, Some Historical and Philosophical Aspects of Quantum Probability Theory and its Interpretation.-INDEX OF NAMES.

SEAMUS BRADLEY, Dutch Book Arguments and Imprecise Probabilities.-TIMOTHY CHILDERS, Objectifying Subjective Probabilities: Dutch Book Arguments for Principles of Direct Inference.- ILKKA NIINILUOTO, The Foundations of Statistics: Inference vs. Decision.- ROBERTO FESTA, **On the Verisimilitude of Tendency Hypotheses.-GERHARD SCHURZ, Tweety, or Why Probabilism and even Bayesianism Need Objective and Evidential Probabilities.-DAVID ATKINSON AND JEANNE PEIJNENBURG, Pluralism in Probabilistic Justification.-

JAN-WILLEM ROMEIJN, RENS VAN DE SCHOOT, HERBERT HOIJTINK,One Size Does not Fit All: Proposal for a Prior-adapted BIC.- ****

Team B: Philosophy of the Natural and Life Sciences **Team D: Philosophy of the Physical Sciences.-**MAURO DORATO, Mathematical Biology and the Existence of Biological Laws.-FEDERICA RUSSO, On Empirical Generalisations.-SEBASTIAN MATEIESCU, **The Limits of Interventionism Causality in the Social Sciences.-MICHAEL ESFELD, Causal Realism.-HOLGER LYRE, ****Structural Invariants, Structur...