The VIIIth International Congress of the International Prirnatological Society was held from 7 through 11 July 1980 in Florence, Italy, under the auspices of the host institution, the Istituto di Antropologia of the University of Flor~nce. More than 300 papers and abstracts were presented either at the main Congress or in 14 pre-Congress symposia the week earlier (so scheduled to avoid conflicting with either the main invited lectures or the contributed paper sessions). This volume consists of the contributed papers concerning primate behavior, with special emphasis on those social aspects that reflect on or affect primate biology. Clearly, this is one of the more important and popular subdisciplines in primatology today. We have thus restricted the subject, in agreement with the publishers, in order to ensure a successful and useful volume that is likely to be generally noticed and widely available, as these up-to-date contributions deserve. Furthermore, we have compiled this volume in a fairly new way for congress proceedings. In view of space limitations, and the need to guarantee a high-quality and sufficiently specialized book, we subjected all manuscripts to a four-level internal review process and selected only the best 23 of the 50 submissions. We favored natural-observation work over captive studies. This rejection rate of 54% exceeds that of almost all reviewed scholarly journals.

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Social Organization of Tree Shrews (Tupaia glis).- Social Behavior and Incest Mechanisms of Tree Shrews (Tupaia glis) Diard 1820.- Lemurine Social and Territorial Organization in a Northwestern Malagasy Forest (Restricted Area of Ampijoroa).- Factors Influencing Choice and Social Utilization of Resting Places in Captive Pottos (Perodicticus potto M.).- The Lateral Balancing of Handedness Tested in Slowly and Rapidly Moving Lorisidae.- Adaptive Strategies Adopted by a Free-Ranging Troop of Vervets When Placed in a Specially Designed Enclosed Environment.- Comparative Studies of Gregariousness and Social Structure Among Seven Feral Macaca fuscata Groups.- Behavioral Differences Between Feral Group-Reared and Mother-Reared Young Japanese Monkeys.- Effects of Prior Experience with Infants on Behavior Shown to Unfamiliar Infants by Nulliparous Rhesus Monkeys.- Studying Effects of Maternal Care in Rhesus Monkeys at Different Levels of Resolution.- Genetic, Maternal, and Environmental Influences on Social Development in Rhesus Monkeys.- Personality and Dominance Behavior in Stump-Tailed Macaques.- Natural and Dependent Rank of Female Crab-Eating Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Captivity.- Sexuality of Aging Monkeys (Macaca radiata).- Uses of Long-Range Calls During Ranging by Guinea Baboons.- On the Function of Allogrooming in Old-World Monkeys.- Problems in Representing Behavioral Space-Time.- Courtship and Mating Behavior of Wild Orangutans in Sumatra.- Responses of Wild Chimpanzees to Potential Predators.- Piagetian Assessment on Cognitive Development in Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).- Brain, Sociobiology, and Evolution in Primates.- A Case of Male Adoption in a Troop of Japanese Monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata).- Parasitic Selection and Group Selection: A Study of Conflict Interference in Rhesus and Japanese Macaque Monkeys.