Applications and Metrology at Nanometer-Scale 2

Nanoscience, nanotechnologies and the laws of quantum physics are
sources of disruptive innovation that open up new fields of application.
Quantum engineering enables the development of very sensitive
materials, sensor measurement systems and computers. Quantum
computing, which is based on two-level systems, makes it possible to
manufacture computers with high computational power.

This book provides essential knowledge and culminates with an industrial
application of quantum engineering and nanotechnologies. It presents
optical systems for measuring at the nanoscale, as well as quantum
physics models that describe how a two-state system interacts with its
environment. The concept of spin and its derivation from the Dirac
equation is also explored, while theoretical foundations and example
applications aid in understanding how a quantum gate works. Application
of the reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) method of mechanical
structures is implemented, in order to ensure reliability of estimates from
the measurement of mechanical properties of carbon nanotube
structures.

This book provides valuable support for teachers and researchers but is
also intended for engineering students, working engineers and Master s
students.

Autorentext

Pierre Richard Dahoo is Professor and Holder of the Chair of Materials Simulation and Engineering at the University of Versailles Saint-Quentin in France. He is Director of Institut des Sciences et Techniques des Yvelines and a specialist in modeling and spectroscopy at the LATMOS laboratory of the CNRS. Philippe Pougnet is a former expert in reliability and the technologyproduct-process of embedded mechatronic systems. He graduated from Universite Grenoble Alpes and Grenoble INP in France. Abdelkhalak El Hami is Professor at the Institut National des Sciences Appliquees (INSA-Rouen Normandie) in France and is in charge of the Normandy Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers (CNAM) Chair of Mechanics, as well as several European pedagogical projects.

Klappentext
Nanoscience, nanotechnologies and the laws of quantum physics aresources of disruptive innovation that open up new fields of application.Quantum engineering enables the development of very sensitivematerials, sensor measurement systems and computers. Quantumcomputing, which is based on two-level systems, makes it possible tomanufacture computers with high computational power.

This book provides essential knowledge and culminates with an industrialapplication of quantum engineering and nanotechnologies. It presentsoptical systems for measuring at the nanoscale, as well as quantumphysics models that describe how a two-state system interacts with itsenvironment. The concept of spin and its derivation from the Diracequation is also explored, while theoretical foundations and exampleapplications aid in understanding how a quantum gate works. Applicationof the reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) method of mechanicalstructures is implemented, in order to ensure reliability of estimates fromthe measurement of mechanical properties of carbon nanotubestructures.

This book provides valuable support for teachers and researchers but isalso intended for engineering students, working engineers and Master sstudents.

Zusammenfassung
Nanoscience, nanotechnologies and the laws of quantum physics are sources of disruptive innovation that open up new fields of application. Quantum engineering enables the development of very sensitive materials, sensor measurement systems and computers. Quantum computing, which is based on two-level systems, makes it possible to manufacture computers with high computational power. This book provides essential knowledge and culminates with an industrial application of quantum engineering and nanotechnologies. It presents optical systems for measuring at the nanoscale, as well as quantum physics models that describe how a two-state system interacts with its environment. The concept of spin and its derivation from the Dirac equation is also explored, while theoretical foundations and example applications aid in understanding how a quantum gate works. Application of the reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) method of mechanical structures is implemented, in order to ensure reliability of estimates from the measurement of mechanical properties of carbon nanotube structures. This book provides valuable support for teachers and researchers but is also intended for engineering students, working engineers and Master's students.

Inhalt
Preface ix

Introduction xiii

Chapter 1. Measurement Systems Using Polarized Light 1

1.1. Introduction 1

1.2. Matrix optics 2

1.3. Photon emission and detection 12

1.4. Application exercises on interferometry 16

1.4.1. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in a FabryPérot cavity 18

1.4.2. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in a material 19

1.4.3. Interferometry and optical lambda meter 21

1.4.4. The homodyne interferometer and refractometer 34

1.4.5. The heterodyne interferometer 40

1.4.6. Application exercises on ellipsometry 51

1.5. Appendices 56

1.5.1. Conventions used for Jones vectors and Jones ABCD matrices 56

1.5.2. 2×2 transfer dies 59

1.5.3. 2×2 matrix multiplication 59

1.5.4. Trigonometric forms 60

1.5.5. Solution by MATLAB (exercises 1.4.3, 1.4.4 and 1.4.5) 61

1.6. Conclusion 66

Chapter 2. Quantum-scale Interaction 67

2.1. Introduction 67

2.2. The spin through the Dirac equation 69

2.2.1. Theoretical background 69

2.2.2. Application: the Dirac equation and Pauli matrices 74

2.3. The density matrix for a two-level laser system 105

2.3.1. Definition of the density matrix 106

2.3.2. Density matrix properties 110

2.3.3. Equation of motion of the density matrix 113

2.3.4. Application to a two-level system 116

2.4. Ising's phenomenological model for cooperative effects 123

2.4.1. The Ising 1D model 124

Chapter 3. Quantum Optics and Quantum Computers 135

3.1. Introduction 135

3.2. Polarized light in quantum mechanics 136

3.3. Introduction to quantum computers 140

3.4. Preparing a qubit 158

3.4.1. Application of the Bloch sphere 158

3.5. Application: interaction of a qubit with a classical field 172

3.5.1. Answer to question 1 173

3.5.2. Answer to question 2 176

3.6. Applying Ramsey fringes to evaluate the duration of phase coherence 181

3.6.1. Answer to question 1 181

3.6.2. Answer to question 2 183

Chapter 4. Reliability-based Design Optimization of Structures 185

4.1. Introduction 185

4.2. Deterministic optimization 186

4.3. Reliability analysis 187

4.3.1. Optimal conditions 189

4.4. Reliability-based design optimization 191

4.4.1. The objective function 192

4.4.2. Taking into account the total cost 192

4.4.3. Design variables 193

4.4.4. Response of a system by RBDO 193

4.4.5. Limit states 194

4.4.6. Solving methods 194

4.5. Applications 194

4.5.1. Application on a bending beam 194

4.5.2. Application on a circular plate with different thicknesses 196

4.5.3. Application: hook A 201

4.5.4. Application: optimization of the materials of an electronic board 211

4.6. Reliability-based design optimization in nanotechnology 222

4.6.1. Thin-film SWCNT structures 222

4.6.2. Digital model of thin-film SWCNT structures 224

4.6.3. Numerical results 225

4.7. Conclusion 231

Appendix 233

References 237

Index 245