This book was originally published in Japanese in honour of Professor S. Chikazumi on the occasion of his retirement from the University of Tokyo in March 1982. Physicists who had been supervised by him or had closely col­ laborated with him wrote articles on recent developments in magnetism and its engineering applications. In the preface of his excellent textbook Physics of Magnetism (Wiley, 1964), Professor Chikazumi says that recent research in magnetism deals with fundamental physical problems and, at the same time, with more secondary magnetic phenomena, as well as with engineering applications of magnetic materials to electromagnetic machines, permanent magnets and electronic computers, and that the purpose of his textbook is to give a general view of these magnetic phenomena, focusing its main interest at the center of such a broad field. Always keeping such a viewpoint in mind, Professor Chikazumi has contributed a great deal to both fundamental physics and applications of magnetism. This is described in Chap. 1 of this book. Many books have been published on both the physics and applications of magnetism. However, no single book has a viewpoint covering both of them. The recent development of high technology needs such a broad viewpoint for scientists and engineers since it is a product of both fundamental science and technology. Research in magnetism is based on the response which materials show to the application of magnetic fields.

Inhalt

1. Progress in the Physics of Magnetism in the Past Forty-five Years.- 1.1 Magnetism of 3d Transition Metals and Alloys.- 1.2 Magnetism of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys.- 1.3 Magnetism of Ferrimagnetic Oxides.- 1.4 Observation of Ferromagnetic Domains.- 1.5 Experimental Techniques and Environments.- 1.6 Engineering Applications of Magnetic Materials.- 1.7 Conclusions.- References.- 2. Generation of Megagauss Magnetic Fields and Their Application to Solid State Physics.- 2.1 Various Techniques for Generating Ultra-high Magnetic Fields.- 2.2 Electromagnetic Flux-Compression.- 2.3 Single-Turn Coil Technique.- 2.4 Magnetism Experiments in Megagauss Fields.- 2.4.1 Faraday Rotation and Magnetization.- 2.4.2 Magnetization in Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors.- 2.4.3 Spin-Flip Transitions.- 2.4.4 Magnetization Measurements.- 2.4.5 Upper Critical Field of High Tc Superconductors.- References.- 3. Magnetism in Metals and Alloys Studied by Neutron Scattering.- 3.1 Significance of Neutron Scattering for the Study of Magnetism.- 3.2 Studies of Antiferromagnetic Metals with Elastic Scattering.- 3.3 Ferromagnetic Metals Studied by Inelastic Scattering.- 3.4 Spin Dynamics in Localized Spin Systems.- 3.5 Spin Dynamics in Itinerant Electron Systems.- 3.6 Spin Dynamics in Quasi-Localized Spin Systems.- 3.7 Dynamic Behavior of Invar Alloys.- 3.8 Epilogue - The Magnetism of Fe and Ni.- Addendum.- References.- 4. Magnetic Properties of 3d Compounds with Special Reference to Pyrite Type Compounds.- 4.1 General Survey of 3d Magnetic Compounds.- 4.2 Experimental Results.- 4.2.1 Physical Properties.- 4.2.2 Phase Diagram Constructed from Substitutions.- 4.2.3 Metal-Insulator Transition of Ni(S1?xSex)2.- 4.2.4 Spin Structure of NiS2 and Its Weak Ferromagnetism.- 4.2.5 Effect of Nonstoichiometry in NiS2.- 4.2.6 Metamagnetism of Co(S1?xSex)2.- 4.2.7 Paramagnetic Susceptibility and Electrical Resistivity of Co(S1?xSex)2.- 4.3 Theoretical Interpretation.- 4.3.1 Electronic Structure.- 4.3.2 Interpretation of the Phase Diagram.- 4.3.3 Spin Structure and Weak Ferromagnetism Caused of NiS2 by Four-Body Exchange Interactions.- 4.3.4 Metamagnetism of Co(S1?xSex)2 in the Itinerant Electron Model.- 4.3.5 Magnetic Susceptibility and Electrical Resistivity of Co(S1?xSex)2.- References.- 5. Invar Systems.- 5.1 Magnetovolume Effects.- 5.2 Invar Type Alloys.- 5.2.1 Transition Metal Alloys.- 5.2.2 Rare Earth - Transition Metal Intermetallic Compounds.- 5.2.3 Actinide Intermetallic Compounds.- 5.3 Elasticity.- 5.4 Conclusions.- References.- 6. Magnetic Anisotropy and Magnetostriction.- 6.1 Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy.- 6.2 Magnetostriction.- 6.3 Representative Materials and Topics.- 6.3.1 Iron-Group Transition Metals and Alloys.- 6.3.2 Rare-Earth Metals and Alloys.- 6.4 Realization of High Magnetic Permeability. "The Focus of Zero" in Magnetic Anisotropy and Magnetostriction.- 6.5 Induced Magnetic Anisotropy. How to Control the Shape of Magnetization Curves.- 6.5.1 Magnetic Annealing Effect.- 6.5.2 Roll Magnetic Anisotropy.- References.- 7. The Intermediate Field Between Pure and Applied Magnetism. Importance of Accurate Measurements of Magnetization Curves.- 7.1 Technical Terms and Figures.- 7.2 Estimation of Saturation Magnetization and Curie Temperatures.- 7.3 Magnetic Anisotropy.- 7.3.1 Problems in the Methods of Obtaining Magnetic Anisotropy from Magnetization Curves.- 7.3.2 Sign Reversal in Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy.- 7.4 Magnetostriction and Magneto-elastic Energy.- 7.5 Spin Glasses, Hopkinson Effect and the Invar Problem.- 7.6 The Problem of Communication Between Applied Researchers and Those in the "Intermediate Fields" or in Basic Research.- 7.7 Conclusion.- References.- 8. Amorphous Magnetic Materials.- 8.1 Magnetization and Temperature Dependence of Amorphous Magnetic Materials.- 8.1.1 Amorphous Ferromagnetic Alloys.- 8.2 Magnetic Anisotropy.- 8.2.1 Macroscopic Magnetic Anisotropy.- 8.2.2 Microscopic Local Magnetic Anisotropy.- 8.3 Magnetism, Preparation Conditions and Structural Relaxation of Amorphous Alloys.- References.- 9. Amorphous Magnetic Alloy Ribbons and Their Applications.- 9.1 Materials.- 9.1.1 Preparation Methods.- 9.1.2 Classification of Amorphous Magnetic Alloys.- 9.1.3 Characteristics and Shortcomings.- 9.1.4 Various Heat Treatments.- 9.2 Applications.- References.- 10. Magneto-optical Recording.- 10.1 Principles of Recording, Reproducing and Erasing.- 10.2 Requirements for Recording Media.- 10.3 Recording Media.- 10.4 Dynamic Read Write Properties.- 10.5 Applications and Other Technologies.- References.- 11. Magnetic Bubble Memories. Solid State File Utilizing Micro Magnetic Domains.- 11.1 Physics of Magnetic Bubbles.- 11.1.1 Stability of Magnetic Bubbles.- 11.1.2 Domain Wall Structure of a Magnetic Bubble.- 11.1.3 The Motion of a Magnetic Bubble.- 11.2 Magnetic Bubble Materials.- 11.2.1 Requirements for Magnetic Bubble Materials.- 11.2.2 Fabrication and Magnetic Properties of Garnet Films.- 11.2.3 Suppression of Hard Magnetic Bubbles.- 11.3 Magnetic Bubble Devices.- 11.3.1 Outline of Devices.- 11.3.2 Permalloy Devices.- 11.3.3 Ion Implanted Devices.- 11.4 Magnetic Bubble Memories and Applications.- 11.4.1 Memory Modules and Drive Circuits.- 11.4.2 Magnetic Bubble Memories.- 11.4.3 Applications of Magnetic Bubble Memories.- 11.5 Future Trends of Magnetic Bubble Devices and Memories.- 11.6 Summary.- References.- 12. High Density Magnetic Recording. Recent Developments in Magnetic Tapes, Discs and Heads.- 12.1 Physics of Magnetic Recording.- 12.1.1 Recording Process.- 12.1.2 The Reproduction Process.- 12.2 Magnetic Tapes and Discs.- 12.2.1 Magnetic Powders for Particulate Media.- 12.2.2 Thin Film Media.- 12.2.3 Perpendicular Recording Media.- 12.3 Magnetic Heads.- 12.4 Future Trends.- References.- 13. Magnetic Domains Observed by Electron Holography.- 13.1 Principles of Electron Holography.- 13.2 Principles of Domain Structure Observation.- 13.3 Applications of Magnetic Domain Structure Observation.- 13.4 Summary.- References.- Appendix: Notes on Technical Terms.