This book grew-how could it be otherwise?-out of a series oflectures which the author held at the University of Heidelberg. The purpose ofthese lectures was to give an introduction to the phenomenology of elementary particles for students both of theoretical and experimental orientation. With the present book the author has set himself the same aim. The reader is assumed to be familiar with ordinary nonrelativistic quantum mechanics as presented, e.g., in the following books: Quantum Mechanics, by L.1. Schiff (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1955); Quantum Mechanics, Vol. I, by K. Gottfried (W.A. Benjamin, Reading, Ma., 1966). The setup of the present book is as follows. In the first part we present some basic general principles and concepts which are used in elementary particle physics. The reader is supposed to learn here the "language" of particle physics. An introductory chapter deals with special relativity, of such funda­ mental importance for particle physics, which most ofthe time is high energy, i.e., highly relativistic physics. Further chapters of this first part deal with the Dirac equation, with the theory of quantized fields, and with the general definitions of the scattering and transition matrices and the cross-sections.

Inhalt

I Relativistic Kinematics and Quantum Fields.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Theory of Special Relativity and Relativistic Kinematics.- 2.1 The Basic Principles of Special Relativity.- 2.2 Energy and Momentum of Relativistic Particles.- 2.3 The Relativistic Kinematics of a Collision Between Two Particles.- Exercises.- 3 Particles and Fields.- 3.1 The Schrödinger, Dirac, and Heisenberg Pictures of Quantum Mechanics.- 3.2 Free Particles and the Fock Space.- 3.3 The Lagrange Formalism and the Noether Theorems.- 3.4 The Canonical Quantization Rules.- Exercises.- 4 The Dirac Equation and the Dirac Field.- 4.1 The Dirac Equation.- 4.2 Solutions of the Dirac Equation.- 4.3 Transformation Rules for the Dirac Field.- 4.4 Quantization and Interpretation of the Dirac Field.- 4.5 Parity, Charge-Conjugation, and Time-Reversal Invariance of the Free Dirac Field.- 4.5.1 The Parity Transformation P.- 4.5.2 The Charge-Conjugation Transformation C.- 4.5.3 The Time-Reversal Transformation T.- Exercises.- 5 The Scattering Matrix and the Scattering Cross-Section.- 5.1 The Scattering of Electrons by a Heavy Nucleus.- 5.2 General Definition of the S- and T-Matrix.- 5.3 The Unitary Relation and the Optical Theorem.- 5.4 The Decay Rate of an Unstable Particle.- Exercises.- II Quantum Electrodynamics.- 6 Introductory Remarks.- 7 The Quantization of the Free Electromagnetic Field.- 7.1 Commutation Rules and Indefinite Metric.- 7.2 Normal-Ordered and Time-Ordered Products.- Exercises.- 8 Further Aspects of the Theory of the Free Dirac Field.- 8.1 The Dirac Current.- 8.2 The Magnetic Moment of the Electron in the Dirac Theory.- 8.3 The Free Electron Propagator.- Exercises.- 9 Electromagnetic Coupling and the Perturbation Expansion.- 9.1 The Electromagnetic Coupling of the Dirac Field.- 9.2 The Feynman Rules.- Exercises.- 10 Simple Reactions in Quantum Electrodynamics.- 10.1 Electron-Electron Scattering (Møller Scattering).- 10.2 Electron-Positron Scattering (Bhabha Scattering).- 10.3 Compton Scattering.- Exercises.- 11 The Muon and Muon Pair Production in Electron-Positron Annihilation.- 11.1 Properties of the Muon.- 11.2 The Reaction e?e+ ? ???+.- Exercises.- 12 External Fields.- 12.1 The Scattering of Electrons in an External Potential.- 12.2 Bremsstrahlung.- 12.3 Pair Creation (The Bethe-Heitler Process).- Exercises.- 13 Positronium.- 13.1 The Spectrum of Positronium States and Their General Properties.- 13.2 The Decay of Positronium.- Exercises.- 14 Radiative Corrections.- 14.1 Radiative Corrections to the Scattering in an External Potential.- 14.2 The Lamb Shift.- III The Strong Interaction.- 15 Historical Overview.- 16 Phenomenology of Hadronic Reactions.- 16.1 Resonance Physics.- 16.2 A Basis for the Hadron States and the Symmetries C, P, and T.- 16.3 Partial Wave Analysis.- 16.4 Total Cross-Sections at High Energies.- 16.5 Multi-Particle Production at High Energies.- Exercises.- 17 Internal Symmetries of the Strong Interaction and the Quark Model.- 17.1 Mathematics of the SU(3) Group.- 17.2 The Quark Model and the Flavor-SU(3) Group.- 17.3 The Gell-Mann-Okubo Mass Formula.- 17.4 The SU(6) Symmetry.- Exercises.- 18 The Naïve Parton Model.- 18.1 Electron-Positron Annihilation into Hadrons.- 18.2 Deep Inelastic Lepton-Nucleon Scattering.- 18.3 The Flavor Quantum Numbers of the Partons.- 18.4 Sum Rules and Evidence for Flavor-Neutral Partons, Gluons.- 18.5 The Drell-Yan Process.- Exercises.- 19 The Basic Principles of Quantum Chromodynamics.- 19.1 The Lagrange Density of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD).- 19.2 Violation of the Bjorken Scale Invariance in Deep Inelastic Scattering.- 19.3 The Calculation of Anomalous Dimensions in QCD.- 19.4 Comparison of Deep Inelastic Scattering Data with QCD.- Exercises.- 20 Jet and Quarkonium Physics.- 20.1 The Naïve Jet Model.- 20.2 Jets and QCD Effects in Electron-Positron Annihilation into Hadrons.- 20.3 Quarkonium.- 20.4 Jets in Hadron-Hadron Collisions.- Exercises.- IV The Electroweak Interaction.- 21 From ?-Decay to the W-Boson. A Historical Survey.- 21.1 The Early Days, the Neutrino Hypothesis, Four-Fermion Coupling.- 21.2 Parity Violation and the (V - A) Theory.- 21.3 The Universality of the Weak Interaction and the Cabibbo Theory.- 21.4 Neutral Currents, the W- and Z-Bosons, and the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam Theory.- Exercises.- 22 The Lagrange Densities of Quantum Flavor Dynamics and of the Standard Model.- 22.1 The Gauge Group of the Electroweak Interaction.- 22.2 The Higgs Field and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking.- 22.3 The Extension of Quantum Flavor Dynamics to Other Leptons and to Quarks, and the Effective Lagrange Density at Low Energies.- 22.4 The Mass Matrix and the Cabibbo Angles.- 22.5 The Lagrange Density of the Standard Model.- Exercises.- 23 Decay Processes in the Standard Model and the Determination of the Quark Mixing Angles in the Charged Current.- 23.1 The Decay of the Muon.- 23.2 The Decay of the ?-Lepton.- 23.3 The ?-Decay of the Neutron and the Determination of the Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix Element V11.- 23.4 Hyperon Decay Processes and the Determination of V12.- 23.5 The Decays of Charged Pions.- 23.6 The Decay of Particles Containing a Heavy Quark c or b.- Exercises.- 24 The Neutral Current and the Determination of sin2?w.- 24.1 Neutrino-Electron Scattering.- 24.2 Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering.- 24.3 Effects of the Weak Interaction in Electron-Positron Annihilation.- Exercises.- 25 The Physics of the Z-, W-, and Higgs Bosons.- 25.1 The Z-Boson.- 25.2 The W-Boson.- 25.3 The Production of W- and Z-Bosons in p$$ \bar p $$ Collisions.- 25.4 The Spin of the W-Boson.- 25.5 The Higgs Boson.- Exercises.- 26 The System of Neutral K-Mesons and CP Violation.- 26.1 Phenomenology of the Neutral K-Mesons.- 26.2 CP Violation and CPT Invariance in the Standard Model.- 26.2.1 CP Violation in the Lagrange Density.- 26.2.2 CPT Invariance.- 26.2.3 CP Violation in the Neutral K-Meson System in the Standard Model.- Exercises.- 27 Order and Disorder in Elementary Particle Physics.- 27.1 Grand Unification.- 27.2 Further Symmetries at Intermediate Energies.- 27.3 Supersymmetry, Strings, and Superstrings.- 27.4 Order Out of Chaos.- Appendices A Dirac Matrices and Spinors.- B The Feynman Rules of QED.- C The Groups SU(2) and SU(3).- C.1 The Group SU(2).- C.2 The Group SU(3).- D The Feynman Rules of QCD.- F The Fierz Transformation.- G The Feynman Rules for the Standard Model in the Unitary Gauge.- H The Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix for Three Families.- I.1 General Formalism.- I.2 Application to the System of Neutral K-Mesons.- J Solutions to Selected Exercises.- References.