Vacuum in Particle Accelerators

A unique guide on how to model and make the best vacuum chambers Vacuum in Particle Accelerators offers a comprehensive overview of ultra-high vacuum systems that are used in charge particle accelerators. The book?s contributors ? noted experts in the field ? also highlight the design and modeling of vacuum particle accelerators. The book reviews vacuum requirements, identifies sources of gas in vacuum chambers and explores methods of removing them. In addition, Vacuum in Particle Accelerators offers an in-depth explanation of the control of the beam and the beam aperture. In the final part of the book, the focus is on the modelling approaches for vacuum chambers under various operating conditions. This important guide: -Offers a review of vacuum systems in charge particle accelerators -Contains contributions from an international panel of noted experts in the field -Highlights the systems, modelling, and design of vacuum particle accelerators -Includes information on vacuum requirements, beam-gas interactions, cryogenic temperatures, ion induced pressure instability, heavy ion machines -Presents the most up-to-date information on the topic for scientists and engineers Written for vacuum physicists, vacuum engineers, plasma physicists, materials scientists, and engineering scientists, Vacuum Particle Accelerators is an essential reference offering an in-depth exploration of vacuum systems and the modelling and design of charged particle accelerators.

Autorentext

Oleg B. Malyshev is a Lead Scientist for Vacuum Science and Technology in Accelerator Science and Technology Centre at STFC Daresbury Laboratory near Warrington, UK.

Klappentext
A unique guide on how to model and design the beam vacuum chambers Vacuum in Particle Accelerators: Modelling, Design and Operation of Beam Vacuum Systems offers a comprehensive overview of ultra-high vacuum systems that are used in charged particle accelerators. It also highlights the design and modelling of beam vacuum in particle accelerators. The book reviews vacuum requirements, identifies sources of gas in vacuum chambers and explores methods of mitigating and pumping them. In addition, Vacuum in Particle Accelerators: Modelling, Design and Operation of Beam Vacuum Systems offers an in-depth explanation of the control of the beam induced vacuum processes in vacuum chamber. In the final part of the book, the focus is on the modelling approaches for vacuum chambers under various operating conditions. This important guide:

• Offers a review of vacuum systems in charge particle accelerators
• Contains contributions from an international team of noted experts in the field
• Highlights the systems, modelling, and design of vacuum particle accelerators
• Includes information on vacuum requirements, beamgas interactions, room and cryogenic temperatures, electron cloud, ion induced pressure instability, heavy ion machines
• Presents the most up-to-date information on the topic for scientists and engineers Written for vacuum physicists, vacuum engineers, plasma physicists, materials scientists, and engineering scientists, Vacuum Particle Accelerators: Modelling, Design and Operation of Beam Vacuum Systems is an essential reference offering an in-depth exploration of vacuum systems and the modelling and design of charged particle accelerators.

Zusammenfassung
A unique guide on how to model and make the best vacuum chambers

Vacuum in Particle Accelerators offers a comprehensive overview of ultra-high vacuum systems that are used in charge particle accelerators. The book?s contributors ? noted experts in the field ? also highlight the design and modeling of vacuum particle accelerators.

The book reviews vacuum requirements, identifies sources of gas in vacuum chambers and explores methods of removing them. In addition, Vacuum in Particle Accelerators offers an in-depth explanation of the control of the beam and the beam aperture. In the final part of the book, the focus is on the modelling approaches for vacuum chambers under various operating conditions. This important guide:

-Offers a review of vacuum systems in charge particle accelerators
-Contains contributions from an international panel of noted experts in the field
-Highlights the systems, modelling, and design of vacuum particle accelerators
-Includes information on vacuum requirements, beam-gas interactions, cryogenic temperatures, ion induced pressure instability, heavy ion machines
-Presents the most up-to-date information on the topic for scientists and engineers

Written for vacuum physicists, vacuum engineers, plasma physicists, materials scientists, and engineering scientists, Vacuum Particle Accelerators is an essential reference offering an in-depth exploration of vacuum systems and the modelling and design of charged particle accelerators.

Inhalt
Acknowledgements xv

Nomenclature xvii

Introduction 1
Oleg B. Malyshev

References 3

**1 Vacuum Requirements 5
**Oleg B. Malyshev

1.1 Definition of Vacuum 5

1.2 Vacuum Specification for Particle Accelerators 6

1.2.1 Why Particle Accelerators Need Vacuum? 6

1.2.2 Problems Associated with BeamGas Interaction 8

1.2.2.1 Beam Particle Loss 8

1.2.2.2 Background Noise in Detectors 8

1.2.2.3 Residual Gas Ionisation and Related Problems 9

1.2.2.4 Contamination of Sensitive Surfaces 9

1.2.2.5 Safety and Radiation Damage of Instruments 10

1.2.3 Vacuum Specifications 11

1.2.4 How Vacuum Chamber Affects the Beam Properties 12

1.3 First Considerations Before Starting Vacuum System Design 13

1.3.1 What is the Task? 13

1.3.2 Beam Lattice 14

1.3.3 Beam Aperture and Vacuum Chamber Cross Section 15

1.3.3.1 Required Mechanical Aperture 15

1.3.3.2 Magnet Design 17

1.3.3.3 Mechanical Engineering 17

1.3.3.4 Other Factors Limiting a Maximum Size of Beam Vacuum Chamber 17

1.3.4 Vacuum Chamber Cross Sections and Preliminary Mechanical Layout 18

1.3.5 Possible Pumping Layouts 19

1.4 First and Very Rough Estimations 20

1.5 First Run of an Accurate Vacuum Modelling 22

1.6 Towards the Final Design 22

1.7 Final Remarks 25

References 25

**2 Synchrotron Radiation in Particle Accelerators 29
**Olivier Marcouillé

2.1 Emission of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field 29

2.1.1 Radiated Energy Density and Power Density 31

2.1.2 Angular Flux 32

2.2 SR from Dipoles 32

2.2.1 Emission Duration and Critical Energy 33

2.2.2 Photon Flux 34

2.2.3 Vertical Angular Distribution of Photon Flux 37

2.2.4 Photon Power 39

2.2.5 Vertical Angular Distribution of Power 41

2.3 SR from Quadrupoles 42

2.4 SR from Insertion Devices 43

2.4.1 Motion of Charged Particles Inside a Planar Insertion Device 44

2.4.2 Resonance Wavelength 45

2.4.3 Radiation from Undulators and Wigglers 46

2.4.4 Angular Aperture of ID at Resonant Wavelength 51

2.4.5 Estimation of Power Distribution Radiated in a Wiggler 52

2.4.6 Estimation of the Power Collected by Simple Geometry Aperture 54

2.4.7 Method for Estimation Absorbed Power on the Complex Shapes 54

2.5 Software Dedicated to Evaluation of the Photon Flux and Power Distribution from the Insertion Devices 55

2.5.1 XOP 56

2.5.2 Synchrotron Radiation Workshop (SRW) 56

2.5.3 SPECTRA 57

2.5.4 SYNRAD 58

2.5.5 OSCARS 59

Acknowledgements 59

References 60

Further Reading 60

**3 Interaction Between SR and Vacuum Chamber Walls 61
**Vincent Baglin and Oleg B. Malyshev

3.1 Photon Reflectivity 61

3.2 Photoelectron Production 69

3.2.1 Total Photoelectron Yield 69

3.2.2 Effect of the Photon Energy 72

3.2.3 Effect of the Incidence Angle 76

References 76

**4 Sources of Gas in an Accelerator Vacuum Chamber 79
**Oleg B. Malyshev and Junichiro Kamiya

4.1 Residual Gases in Vacuum Chamber 79

4.2 Materi…