The Advanced Research Workshop on "Nuclear Submarine Decommissioning and Related Problems" was held at the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Russia on June 19-22, 1995. On June 17 and 18, 1995 some of the workshop participants visited the Zwezdochka Shipyard at Severodvinsk which is a repair and dismantlement facility for Russian nuclear submarines. Attendance at the workshop was approximately 115 with participants from Russia, United States, France, Norway, Canada, Denmark, Sweden, Estonia, and Germany. The workshop was sponsored by the Disarmament Panel of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Science Committee. The sponsorship and the financial support of NATO is gratefully acknowledged. The workshop was organized in Russia by the Nuclear Safety Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBRAE). The efforts of many individuals from IBRAE in producing both a technically challenging workshop and an almost flawless one are also gratefully acknowledged. In addition, the support of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Defense Technologies, the Ministry of the Russian Federation on Atomic Energy, the Navy of the Russian Federation, and the United States Department of Energy is acknowledged. xi CURRENT STATUS OF NUCLEAR SUBMARINE DECOMMISSIONING PROBLEMS OF NUCLEAR SUBMARINE DECOMMISSIONING AND RECYCLING N. I. SHUMKOV State Committee for Defense Industry (Goseomoboronprom) Moscow, Russia 1. General Description of the Problem Undoubtedly, the problem of nuclear submarine decommissioning and recycling has been worrying Russian civil and military specialists involved in development, building and operation of submarines for many years.

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Preface. Current Status of Nuclear Submarine Decommissioning. Problems of Nuclear Submarine Decommissioning and Recycling; N.I. Shumkov. Worldwide Overview of Nuclear Submarine Decommissioning Plans and Issues; P.L. Ølgaard. Overview of Nuclear Submarine Inactivation and Scrapping/Recycling in the United States; M. MacKinnon III, J.G. Burritt. French Strategy for Disposal of Nuclear Powered Ships and Spent Fuel; A. Masurel. Conceptual Approaches to Decommissioning, Dismantlement, and Utilization of Nuclear Submarines. Basics of the Concept of Reactor Compartment Handling (Including Off-Normal) when Recycling Nuclear Submarines. Top-Priority R&D; V.V. Borisov, et al. Basic Approaches to the Problem of Recycling of Russian Nuclear Submarines; Ye. Gorigledjan. Major Directions of Recycling Power Compartments from Nuclear Submarines; N.I. Gherassimov. Conceptual Approach to Recycling of Nuclear Submarines and Solid Radioactive Waste Produced; L.V. Kizhnerov, et al. Decommissioning and Recycling of Nuclear Submarines and Other Nuclear Powered Ships and Vessels; S.D. Gavrilov, et al. Radioecological Problems Related to Disassembly and Recycling of Decommissioned Nuclear Submarines; V.V. Dovgusha, et al. An Alternative Concept for Recycling Nuclear Submarines of the Russian Federation Navy; P.L. Smirnov. Situation with Decommissioning, Dismantlement and Recycling of Nuclear Submarines in Russia; V.S. Topilin. Nonbudget Financing of the Nuclear Submarine Recycling Problem; F. Matsakyan. Radioactive Material and Waste Treatment Problems. Radioactive Waste Reprocessing in Nuclear Submarine Recycling; G.M. Chechelnitsky, et al. Liquid Waste Processing; P.C. Childress, A.P. Zotov. Principles of HandlingDecommissioned Ship Reactors; G.A. Gladkov, et al. Issues of Policy Integration in Solving the Problems of Nuclear Submarines Decommissioning; V.G. Iljin, et al. Decommissioning of Nuclear Submarines: Waste Minimization by Recycling; S. Menon. Systems Approach for Safe Handling and Quality Assurance in Waste Management: Conditioning, Transport, Storage, Disposal, and Safeguards; E.R. Merz. Problems of Decontamination and Reprocessing of Materials, Equipment and Radioactive Waste from Nuclear Submarines Being Recycled; B.I. Berezhko, et al. Disposal of High-Level Waste Through Underground Nuclear Explosions in the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago; V.N. Klimenko, et al. Experience with and Technologies for Nuclear Submarine Decommissioning, Dismantlement and Utilization. Experience of Nuclear Submarine Recycling at Nerpa' Ship Repairing Plant; V.N. Zinovenko. On Problems of Recycling Nuclear Submarines at Zvezda' Plant; V.A. Maslakov. Problems of Nuclear Submarine Recycling and Environmental Protection; Yu.K. Ivanov. Safety Issues when Handling Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste in the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Federation; V.A. Danilyan, V.L. Vysotsky. Decommissioning Plan for Paldiski Nuclear Facilities; H. Putnik, T. Grochowski, Jr. Review of Key Decontamination and Dismantlement Technologies; W.J. Manion. Overview of Defueling Approaches used to Deal with Reactors that have Major Core Damage; N.M. Cole, Jr. A Consortium Approach to Nuclear Plant Material Recycle and the Stabilization of Nuclear Naval Vessels and Waste Materials; L. Duffy. Cementation of Equipment and Power Compartment Rooms as an Ecologically Safe Approach to Decommissioning, Recycling and Burial of Nuclear Submarines; N.I. Aleksandrov. Recycling of Objects by Explosive Pro