The Chemistry of Molecular Imaging

Molecular imaging is primarily about the chemistry of novel
biological probes, yet the vast majority of practitioners are not
chemists or biochemists. This is the first book, written from a
chemist's point of view, to address the nature of the chemical
interaction between probe and environment to help elucidate
biochemical detail instead of bulk anatomy.

• Covers all of the fundamentals of modern imaging methodologies,
  including their techniques and application within medicine and
  industry

• Focuses primarily on the chemistry of probes and imaging
  agents, and chemical methodology for labelling and
  bioconjugation

• First book to investigate the chemistry of molecular
  imaging

• Aimed at students as well as researchers involved in the area
  of molecular imaging

Autorentext

Nicholas Long, PhD, is the Sir Edward Frankland BP Professor
of Inorganic Chemistry and Head of the Catalysis, Sustainability
and Applied Inorganics section in the Department of Chemistry,
Imperial College London. He has published more than 150 scientific
papers, including several high impact review articles and a
critically-acclaimed textbook titled 'Metallocenes'. He
is Co-Director of the Centre for Doctoral Training in Medical
Imaging at Imperial College and King's College London.

Wing-Tak Wong, PhD, ScD, is Chair Professor of Chemical
Technology and Head of the Department of Applied Biology and
Chemical Technology at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. He has
received three International and US patents for his recent research
on lanthanide luminescent materials, and is an author of more than
450 research papers.

Zusammenfassung
Molecular imaging is primarily about the chemistry of novel biological probes, yet the vast majority of practitioners are not chemists or biochemists. This is the first book, written from a chemist's point of view, to address the nature of the chemical interaction between probe and environment to help elucidate biochemical detail instead of bulk anatomy.

• Covers all of the fundamentals of modern imaging methodologies, including their techniques and application within medicine and industry
• Focuses primarily on the chemistry of probes and imaging agents, and chemical methodology for labelling and bioconjugation
• First book to investigate the chemistry of molecular imaging
• Aimed at students as well as researchers involved in the area of molecular imaging

Inhalt

Preface ix

List of Contributors xi

1 An Introduction to Molecular Imaging 1
Ga-Lai Law and Wing-Tak Wong

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 What is Positron Emission Tomography (PET)? 3

1.3 What is Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)? 6

1.4 What is Computed Tomography (CT) or Computed Axial Tomography (CAT)? 8

1.5 What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)? 11

1.6 What is Optical Imaging? 15

1.7 What is Ultrasound (US)? 19

1.8 Conclusions 22

References 24

2 Chemical Methodology for Labelling and Bioconjugation 25
Lina Cui and Jianghong Rao

2.1 Introduction 25

2.2 Chemical Methods 25

2.3 Site-Specific Modification of Proteins or Peptides 36

2.4 Conclusions 45

References 45

3 Recent Developments in the Chemistry of [18F]Fluoride for PET 55
Dirk Roeda and Frédéric Dollé

3.1 Introduction 55

3.2 Fluorine-18: The Starting Material 56

3.3 Reactive [18F]Fluoride 56

3.4 The Radiofluorination 58

3.5 Labelling of Large Biological Molecules 65

3.6 Conclusions 70

References 70

4 Carbon-11 Nitrogen-13 and Oxygen-15 Chemistry: An Introduction to Chemistry with Short-Lived Radioisotopes 79
Philip W. Miller Koichi Kato and Bengt Långström

4.1 Introduction 79

4.2 Carbon-11 Chemistry 81

4.3 Nitrogen-13 Chemistry 93

4.4 Oxygen-15 Chemistry 98

4.5 Conclusions 99

References 99

5 The Chemistry of Inorganic Nuclides (86Y 68Ga 64Cu 89Zr 124I) 105
Eric W. Price and Chris Orvig

5.1 Introduction: Inorganic Nuclide-Based Radiopharmaceuticals 105

5.2 Radiopharmaceutical Design 107

5.3 Radiopharmaceutical Stability 108

5.4 86Yttrium Radiometal Ion Properties 110

5.5 68Gallium Radiometal Ion Properties 116

5.6 64Copper Radiometal Ion Properties 120

5.7 89Zirconium Radiometal Ion Properties 123

5.8 124Iodine Nuclide Properties 125

5.9 Conclusions 129

References 129

6 The Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry of Technetium and Rhenium 137
Jonathan R. Dilworth and Sofia I. Pascu

6.1 Introduction 137

6.2 Technetium and Rhenium Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry 139

6.3 Technetium and Rhenium(IV) 149

6.4 Technetium and Rhenium(III) 149

6.5 Technetium and Rhenium(I) 151

6.6 Imaging of Hypoxia with 99mTc 155

6.7 Technetium and Rhenium Diphosphonate Complexes 157

6.8 The Future for Technetium and Rhenium Radiopharmaceuticals 157

References 158

7 The Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry of Gallium(III) and Indium(III) for SPECT Imaging 165
Jonathan R. Dilworth and Sofia I. Pascu

7.1 Introduction to Gallium and Indium Chemistry 165

7.2 Gallium and Indium Complexes and Related Bioconjugates 166

7.3 Auger Electron Therapy with 111Indium 175

7.4 Prospects for 67Ga and 111In Radiochemistry 176

References 176

8 The Chemistry of Lanthanide MRI Contrast Agents 179
Stephen Faulkner and Octavia A. Blackburn

8.1 Introduction 179

8.2 Gadolinium Complexes as MRI Contrast Agents 180

8.3 Minimising the Toxicity of Gadolinium Contrast Agents 184

8.4 Rationalising the Behaviour of MRI Contrast Agents 185

8.5 Strategies for Increasing Relaxivity 188

8.6 Responsive MRI 192

8.7 Conclusions and Prospects 195

References 195

9 Nanoparticulate MRI Contrast Agents 199
Juan Gallo and Nicholas J. Long

9.1 Introduction 199

9.2 T2 Contrast Agents 200 9.3 T1 Contr...