When a photon meets a nanostructure, many interesting phenomena occur. This book aims at developing the theories and the applications of photon interactions with nanostructures. The contributors were all participants in the well-known Japanese national research project, "Near-Field Nano-Optics", which ran from 1997 to 2000. The book covers a wide range of disciplines in nano-optics, including the theoretical development of imaging-contrast mechanisms as a result of photon and nanomatter interactions, and discussions on different near-field nanoprobes. Applications of nano-optics to sensing, imaging, analysis, and the fabrication of nanostructures, such as molecules and quantum devices, are also discussed, with a collection of experimental examples.

Klappentext

A presentation of the most advanced application of optical near-field microscopy to studies of fine metallic structures and related surface plasmons.

Inhalt

1 Quantum Theory for Near-Field Nano-Optics.- 1.1 Resonant Near-Field Optics.- 1.1.1 Outline of Microscopic Nonlocal Response Theory.- 1.1.2 Resonant SNOM.- 1.1.3 Coupling of Cavity Modes and Matter Excitation.- 1.2 Quantization of Evanescent Waves and Optical Near-Rield Interaction of Atoms.- 1.2.1 State of Vector Fields.- 1.2.2 Radiative Fields Near a Planar Dielectric Surface.- 1.2.3 Detector-Mode Functions and Field Quantization.- 1.2.4 Multipole Radiation near a Dielectric Surface.- 1.2.5 Spontaneous Radiative Lifetime in an Optical Near-Field.- 1.3 Quantum Mechanical Aspects of Optical Near-Field Problems.- 1.3.1 Properties of Near-Field Optical Interactions.- 1.3.2 Observations and Transport Properties in the Near-Field.- 1.3.3 Local Mode Descriptions and Compatibility with Macroscopic Descriptions.- References.- 2 Electromagnetism Theory and Analysis for Near-Field Nano-Optics.- 2.1 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Analysis of a Near-Field Microscope System.- 2.1.1 Near-Field Microscope as a Multiple Scattering System.- 2.1.2 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Algorithm for NSOM Imaging.- 2.1.3 NSOM Image Without Effects of Probe-Sample Interaction.- 2.1.4 NSOM Image When the Probe-Sample Interaction is Included.- 2.1.5 Effect of the Probe-Sample Distance on the Generated NSOM Images.- 2.1.6 Dependence of NSOM Image on the Spatial Frequency Content of Sample Surface.- 2.2 Reconstruction of an Optical Image from NSOM Data.- 2.2.1 Necessity for Numerical Inversion of the NSOM System.- 2.2.2 NSOM Image of Dielectric Strips.- 2.2.3 Deconvolution of Dielectric Strips with Nonnegativity Constraint.- 2.2.4 Reconstruction of Metal Strips.- 2.3 Radiation Force Exerted near a Nano-Aperture.- 2.3.1 Radiation Force to Trap a Small Particle.- 2.3.2 Force Distribution Exerted on the Sphere near a Subwavelength Aperture.- 2.3.3 Force Exerted on Two Spheres in the Near Field of a Small Aperture.- References.- 3 High-Resolution and High-Throughput Probes.- 3.1 Excitation of a HE-Plasmon Mode.- 3.1.1 Mode Analysis.- 3.1.2 Edged Probes for Exciting a HE-Plasmon Mode.- 3.2 Multiple-Tapered Probes.- 3.2.1 Double-Tapered Probe.- 3.2.2 Triple-Tapered Probe.- References.- 4 Apertureless Near-Field Probes.- 4.1 Local Plasmon in a Metallic Nanoparticle.- 4.1.1 Local Plasmon Resonance in a Metallic Nanoparticle.- 4.1.2 Local Plasmon Resonance in a Metallic Nanoparticle above a Substrate.- 4.1.3 Optical Sensor Using Colloidal Gold Monolayers.- 4.1.4 Gold Nanoparticle Probe.- 4.2 Laser-Trapping of a Metallic Particle for a Near-Field Microscope Probe.- 4.2.1 Mechanism of Laser Trapping.- 4.2.2 Laser Trapping of a Probe for NSOM.- 4.2.3 Experimental Setup.- 4.2.4 Feedback Stabilization of a Particle.- 4.2.5 Experimental Results.- 4.3 Near-Field Enhancement at a Metallic Probe.- 4.3.1 Field Enhancement at the Tip.- 4.3.2 Near-Field Raman Spectroscopy.- 4.4 Scattering Near-Field Optical Microscope with a Microcavity.- 4.4.1 Resonant Microcavity Probe.- 4.4.2 FDTD Simulation of a Resonant Microcavity Probe.- 4.4.3 Fabrication of a "Resonant Microcavity Probe".- 4.4.4 Observation of a Vacuum-Evaporated Gold Film.- References.- 5 Integrated and Functional Probes.- 5.1 Micromachined Probes.- 5.1.1 Fabrication of a Miniature Aperture.- 5.1.2 Throughput Measurement.- 5.1.3 Fabrication of an Aperture Having a Metal Nanowire at the Center.- 5.1.4 Imaging with a Fabricated Aperture Probe.- 5.2 Light Detection from Force.- 5.2.1 Method of Measuring Optical Near-Field Using Force.- 5.2.2 Imaging Properties.- 5.3 High Efficiency Light Transmission Through a Nano-Waveguide.- 5.3.1 Low-Dimensional Optical Wave and Negative Dielectric.- 5.3.2 One-Dimensional Optical Waveguides.- 5.3.3 Negative-Dielectric Pin and Hole.- 5.3.4 Negative-Dielectric Tube.- 5.3.5 Lossy Waveguides and Applications.- References.- 6 High-Density Optical Memory and Ultrafine Photofabrication.- 6.1 Photochromic Memory Media.- 6.2 Near-Field Optical Memory.- 6.2.1 Diarylethenes.- 6.2.2 Perinaphthothioindigo.- 6.3 Future Prospects for Near-Field Optical Memory.- 6.4 Nanofabrication: Chemical Vapor Deposition.- 6.5 Nanofabrication: Organic Film.- References.- 7 Near-Field Imaging of Molecules and Thin Films.- 7.1 Near-Field Imaging of Molecules and Thin Films.- 7.1.1 Preparation of Organic Thin Films.- 7.1.2 Control of Tip-Sample Separation.- 7.1.3 Various Modes of Observations.- 7.1.4 Optical Recording on Organic Thin Films.- 7.2 Two-Dimensional Morphology of Ultrathin Polymer Films.- 7.2.1 Materials, Preparation of Films, and Apparatus.- 7.2.2 Observation of Two-Dimensional Morphology.- 7.2.3 Conclusion.- 7.3 Observation of Polyethylene (PE) Crystals.- 7.3.1 AFM and NSOM Observation of PE Single Crystals.- 7.3.2 AFM and NSOM Observation of Melt-Crystallized PE Thin Films.- 7.3.3 Conclusions.- 7.4 Preparation of Micrometer-Sized Chromophore Aggregates.- 7.4.1 Control of Aggregation.- 7.4.2 Mesoscopic Patterns.- 7.4.3 Mechanism of Pattern Formation.- 7.4.4 Chromophore-Containing Mesoscopic Patterns.- 7.4.5 Azobenzene-Containing Polyion Complex.- 7.4.6 Mesoscopic Line Pattern of Poly(hexylthiophene).- 7.5 Application to Electrochemical Research.- 7.5.1 Fabrication of an Aluminum Nanoelectrode SNOM Probe to Stimulate Electroluminescent (EL) Polymers.- 7.5.2 Integration of STM with SNOM Microscopy by Fabricating Original Chemically Etched Conducting Hybrid Probes.- 7.5.3 Development of a New Type of AFM/SNOM Integrated System.- 7.5.4 Biological Applications.- 7.6 Second-Harmonic Generation in Near-Field Optics.- 7.6.1 Materials and Apparatus.- 7.6.2 SHG Observation.- 7.6.3 Conclusion.- References.- 8 Near-Field Microscopy for Biomolecular Systems.- 8.1 Near-Field Imaging of Human Chromosomes and Single DNA Molecules.- 8.1.1 SNOAM System.- 8.1.2 SNOAM Imaging of Human Chromosomes [19].- 8.1.3 SNOAM Imaging of a Single DNA Molecule [20].- 8.2 Imaging of Biological Molecules.- 8.2.1 Myosin-Actin Motors.- 8.2.2 Membrane Receptors.- 8.2.3 ATP Synthase.- 8.3 Cell and Cellular Functions.- 8.3.1 Near-Field Fluorescent Microscopy of Living Cells.- 8.3.2 Dynamics of Cell Membranes.- 8.3.3 Near-Field Imaging of Neuronal Cell and Transmitter.- References.- 9 Near-Field Imaging of Quantum Devices and Photonic Structures.- 9.1 Spectroscopy of Quantum Devices and Structures.- 9.1.1 Near-Field Microscopy with a Solid-Immersion Lens.- 9.1.2 Solid-Immersion Microscopy of GaAs Nanostructures.- 9.1.3 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Single Quantum Dots Using NSOM.- 9.2 Observation of Polysilane by Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscope in the Ultraviolet (UV) Region.- 9.2.1 Morphologies and Quantum Size Effects of Single InAs Quantum Dots Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Spectroscopy.- 9.2.2 Photonic Structures Consisting of Dielectric Spheres.- 9.2.3 Interaction of a Near-Field Light with Two-Dimensionally Ordered Spheres.- 9.2.4 Photonic-Band Effect on Near-Field Optical Images of 2-D Sphere Arrays.- 9.3 Near-Field Photon Tunneling.- 9.3.1 What is Photon Tunneling?.- 9.3.2 Resonant Photon Tunneling Th…