Inhalt

• Contents.- Special Methods of Isolation and Purification.- Enzymes du Métabolisme du Soufre.- A. Enzymes d'activation et de transfert du sulfate.- I. Enzymes d'activation du sulfate.- 1. Mesure de l'activité enzymatique.- a) Système complet d'activation.- b) ATP-sulfurylase - Robbins et Lipmann (1958a).- c) ADP-sulfurylase - Robbins et Lipmann (1958a).- d) APS-kinase - Robbins et Lipmann (1958a).- 2. Préparation de l'ATP-sulfurylase, de l'ADP-sulfurylase et de l'APS-kinase.- II. Enzymes de transfert du sulfate.- 1. Mesure de l'activité de la phénol-sulfokinase.- 2. Préparation de la phénol-sulfokinase - Gregory et Lipmann (1957) . ..- B. Systèmes réducteurs du sulfate.- 1. Mesure de l'activité sulfato-réductrice.- 2. Préparation du système réducteur du sulfate, Hilz, Kittler et Knape (1959).- C. Sulfatases.- 1. Arylsulfatases.- Préparation des arylsulfatases.- 2. Chondrosulfatases.- 3. Myrosulfatases.- 4. Glucosulfatases.- 5. Stéroïdesulfatases.- 6. Cholinesulfatase.- D. Enzymes du métabolisme du thiosulfate, du sulfite et du sulfure.- I. Enzymes du métabolisme du thiosulfate.- 1. Thiosulfate-réductase.- 2. Rhodanèse.- II. Enzymes du métabolisme du sulfite.- 1. Formation du sulfite par désulfination.- 2. Sulfite-réductase.- 3. Sulfite-oxydase.- III. Enzymes du métabolisme du sulfure.- 1. Formation d'hydrogène sulfuré à partir de la cystéine.- 2. Sérine-sulfhydrase.- 3. Oxydation du sulfure.- Bibliographie.- Enzymes of Phosphate Metabolism.- I. Special Features of Enzyme Isolation and Purification.- 1. Choice of Starting Material.- 2. Conventional versus Modern Methods of Enzyme Purification.- a) Automatic Device for Ammonium Sulfate Addition.- b) Dialysis of Enzyme Solutions.- 3. Stability of Enzymes on Dilution.- II. Assay of Phosphatase Activity.- 1. Colorimetric Estimation of Phosphorus.- 2. Aspects of Enzyme Assay in Plants and Microorganisms.- III. Intracellular Localization of Enzymes by the Technique of Differential Centrifugation.- 1. Nuclear Fraction.- 2. Plastid Fraction.- 3. Mitochondrial Fraction.- 4. Cell Wall Fraction.- 5. Association of Enzymes with Larger Particles.- 6. Isolation of Plant Protoplasts.- 7. Localization of Phosphatases.- IV. Phosphatases Acting on Hexose Phosphates.- 1. The Hydrolysis of Glucose-1-Phosphate.- 2. C1 Diphosphatases.- a) Fructose Diphosphatase.- b) Fructose Diphosphatase of Animal Tissue.- c) Fructose Diphosphatase of Plants.- d) Neutral Fructose Diphosphatase.- e) Acidic Fructose Diphosphatase.- f) Acid C1 Diphosphatase of Escherichia coli.- g) Role of Alkaline Fructose Diphosphatase in Green Plants.- 3. Sedoheptulose-1,7 -Diphosphatase.- 4. Glycerate-2,3-Diphosphatase.- V. Enzymes Acting on Condensed Phosphates.- 1. Inorganic Pyrophosphatases.- a) Inorganic Pyrophosphatase of Microorganisms.- b) Inorganic Pyrophosphatases of Animal Tissue.- 2. Tripolyphosphatases.- 3. Tetrapolyphosphatases.- 4. Trimetaphosphatases.- 5. Tetrametaphosphatases.- VI. Enzymes Acting on Polyphosphates.- Type I Enzyme: Polyphosphate Depolymerases.- Type II Enzyme: Polyphosphatases.- a) Type I.- b) Type II.- c) Type III.- Type III Enzyme: Enzymes Transfering Phosphate Groups from Polyphosphates to Suitable Acceptors.- Polyphosphate-ADP-phosphotransferase of Escherichia coli.- VII. General Phosphomonoesterases.- 1. Acid Phosphatases.- 2. Alkaline Phosphatases.- a) Alkaline Phosphatases of Microorganisms.- VIII. Phosphoprotein Phosphatase.- IX. Ortho Phosphoserine Phosphatase.- X. Phosphatase Acting on Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids.- 1. Nucleotide Pyrophosphatases.- a) Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase of Potato.- b) Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase of Tobacco.- 2. 5'-Nucleotidases.- a) 5'-Nucleotidase of Clostridium stricklandii.- 3. Ribonucleases.- a) Ribonucleases of Plants.- b) Endonucleases from Microorganisms.- c) Phosphodiesterases Acting on Polynucleotides.- References.- Enzymes of Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism.- A. Nitrate Reductase.- I. Preparation.- 1. Fungi and Higher Plants.- 2. Bacteria.- a) Methods of extraction.- b) Fractionation and Stability.- II. Measurement of Activity.- 1. Assay Methods.- 2. Sources of Error.- III. Electron Donors and Co-Factors.- 1. Fungi and Higher Plants.- a) Pyridine nucleotides and other electron donors.- b) Flavins.- c) Metal and Anion Requirements.- 2. Bacteria.- IV. Properties and Mechanisms.- 1. Fungi and Higher Plants.- 2. Bacteria.- V. Physiological Factors.- 1. Fungi and Higher Plants.- 2. Bacteria.- B. Other Nitrate Reduction and Nitro Reductase Enzymes.- 1. Aldehyde and Xanthine Oxidases of Animal Origin.- 2. Aldehyde Oxidase of Potato.- 3. Reduction of Aromatic Nitro-Compounds.- C. Nitrite, Nitric Oxide, Hyponitrite and Hydroxylamine Reductases and Related Enzymes.- I. Preparation.- 1. Fungi and Higher Plants.- 2. Bacteria.- II. Fractionation and Stability.- III. Measurement of Activity.- 1. Interference and Errors.- 2. Assay Methods.- a) Use of CONWAY Methods for NH3 Determinations.- b) Hydroxylamine.- c) Oximes, YAMAFUJI and AKITA (1952).- d) Hyponitrite.- e) Assay Methods Using Reduced Benzyl Viologen and Other Dyes under Anaerobic Conditions.- f) Manometric Assay of Nitrite Reductase.- g) Manometric Assay of Nitric Oxide Reductase.- 3. Preparation of Hyponitrite as a Substrate.- IV. Electron Donors and Co-Factors and Inhibitors.- 1. Fungi and Higher Plants.- a) Nitrite Reductase.- b) Hyponitrite Reductase.- c) Hydroxylamine Reductase.- 2. Bacteria.- a) Nitrite Reductase.- b) Nitric Oxide Reductase.- c) Hydroxylamine Reductase.- V. Properties and Mechanisms.- 1. Fungi and Higher Plants.- 2. Bacteria.- a) Nitrite Reductase.- b) Nitric Oxide Reductase.- c) Hydroxylamine Reductase.- VI. Physiological Factors and Other Features.- 1. Fungi and Higher Plants.- a) Nitrite Reductase.- b) Hydroxylamine Reductase.- D. Glutamic Dehydrogenase.- E. Oxidation and Other Reactions of Ammonia, Hydroxylamine and Nitrite.- I. Fungi and Higher Plants.- Hydroxylamine "Oxidase" of Higher Plants.- II. Bacteria (Enzymes of Nitrification).- 1. Preparation.- 2. Measurement of Activity.- 3. Cofactors.- 4. Properties and Mechanisms.- Reversal of NH2OH reductase "Ammonia dehydrogenase" artefact.- Literature.- Enzymes of Vitamin Metabolism.- A. Enzymes Concerned with Biosynthesis.- 1. Thiamine.- a) General Preparation of Enzyme Fractions.- b) Pyrimidine Kinase.- c) Thiazole Kinase.- d) Thiamine Phosphate Synthetase..- e) Thiamine Phosphatase.- 2. Riboflavin.- 3. Nicotinic Acid.- a) Tryptophan Pyrrolase.- b) Formylase (Kynurenine Formamidase).- c) Kynurenine Hydroxylase.- d) Kynureninase.- 4. Folic Acid.- 5. Pantothenic Acid.- Pantothenate Synthetase.- B. Activating Enzymes.- 1. Thiamine.- a) Thiamine Pyrophosphokinase.- b) Thiamine Pyrophosphate Kinase.- 2. Riboflavin.- a) Flavokinase.- b) FAD Pyrophosphorylase.- 3. Pyridoxal (Vitamin B6).- Pyridoxal Phosphokinase.- 4. Nicotinic Acid.- a) PRPP-Nicotinic Acid Transferase.- b) DPN-Pyrophosphorylase.- c) DPN-Synthetase.- d) DPN-Kinase.- 5. Folic Acid.- a) Folic Acid Reductase.- b) Dihydrofolic Acid Reductase.- 6. Pantothenic Acid.- a) Pantothenate Kinase.- b) Coupling Enzyme.- c) Phosphopantothenylcysteine Decarboxylase.- d) Dephospho-CoA Pyrophosphorylase.- e) Phosphotransacetylase.- f) Dephospho-CoA Kinase.- C. Degrading Enzymes.- 1. Thiamine.- a) Thiaminase.- b) Thiamine Phosphatase.- c) Thiamine Pyrophosphatase.- 2. Riboflavin.- a) FAD-ase (Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase).- b) FMN-Phosphatase.- 3. Nicotinic Acid.- a) Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase.- b) DPN-ase (Pyridine Transglycosidase).- c) NMN-Phosphatase.- 4. Folic Acid.- 5. Pantothenic Acid.- a) "CoA-3'-Nucleotidase".- b) "CoA Pyrophosphatase".- c) "CoA-Peptidase".- 6. Biotin.- d-Biotin Oxidase.- 7. Inositol.- Phytase.- 8. Carotene.- Carotene Oxidase (Lipoxidase).- References.- Enzyme des L-Ascorbinsäure-Stoflwechsels.- I. Enzyme bei der Biosynthese der L-Ascorbinsäure.- 1. Indirekte Umwandlung.- a) Aldolkondensation.- b) Acyloin-Reaktion.- 2. Direkte Umwandlung.- a) L-Galaktonsäure-?-laktondehydrogen…