This book investigates the consequences of mountaineering (hiking, trekking, climbing) on the natural environment. These consequences are divided into three groups: 1) transformations caused by the mountaineer's, or other people's, stay in a mountaineering region; 2) transformations caused by the mountaineer's travel (movement) through a mountaineering region, with the consideration of the ground type (rock, rock and grass, grass, residual soil, snow, ice), and 3) transformations caused by the use of mountaineering equipment. Each of the three groups are examined individually for their direct interference with the environment, i.e. caused by the main activities of climbing, trekking and hiking (both for elite and mass mountaineering) and their indirect interference caused by auxiliary activity (mainly in the case of mass mountaineering). Auxiliary activity includes guide services, transport of equipment, use of base camp facilities and the delivery of artificial support equipment, and supports the main activity. The consequences of mountaineering on the natural environment are characterized in terms of individual components of the environment (land relief, soil, vegetation, fauna, and landscape) and location/zone of mountaineering activity (hiking, trekking or climbing zone). Because of the connections and interdependence between particular components of the environment (biotic and abiotic), only preservation of each of them can bring the desired effect - a reduction in the negative impact of mountaineering. This book presents comprehensive research outcomes and serves as a platform for more detailed, future studies.

Michal Apollo is an assistant professor at the Institute of Geography, Department of Tourism and Regional Studies at the Pedagogical University of Cracow, Poland. He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in earth science in the field of geography at the Pedagogical University of Cracow, and a PGCert in global development from the University of Warsaw, Poland. Michal is an enthusiastic researcher (research field: man-environment systems), traveller (he has visited more than 60 countries on six continents), diver (Open Water Diver), mountaineer (several new climbing routes, including the first ascent on two Himalaya peaks: in 2006, Masala Peak, and in 2012, Forgotten Peak), ultra-runner (100-miler finisher), photographer (a few photo exhibitions), and science populariser (a few hundred pop-science lectures). Michal's unique background allows him to integrate knowledge from various perspectives into his research and consultancy work. His areas of expertise are tourism management, consumer behaviours, and environmental and socioeconomic issues. In his main research field, he focuses on human presence and well-being in high-mountain regions. Currently, he is working on a concept for the sustainable use of environmental and human resources, as this is the key to the development, prosperity, and well-being of all stakeholders. Michal is a Global Justice Fellow at Yale University, New Haven**,** USA**,** and a founder and board member of the Polish Chapter of Academics Stand Against Poverty.

Autorentext
Michal Apollo is an assistant professor at the Institute of Geography, Department of Tourism and Regional Studies at the Pedagogical University of Cracow, Poland. He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in earth science in the field of geography at the Pedagogical University of Cracow, and a PGCert in global development from the University of Warsaw, Poland. Michal is an enthusiastic researcher (research field: man-environment systems), traveller (he has visited more than 60 countries on six continents), diver (Open Water Diver), mountaineer (several new climbing routes, including the first ascent on two Himalaya peaks: in 2006, Masala Peak, and in 2012, Forgotten Peak), ultra-runner (100-miler finisher), photographer (a few photo exhibitions), and science populariser (a few hundred pop-science lectures). Michal's unique background allows him to integrate knowledge from various perspectives into his research and consultancy work. His areas of expertise are tourism management, consumer behaviours, and environmental and socioeconomic issues. In his main research field, he focuses on human presence and well-being in high-mountain regions. Currently, he is working on a concept for the sustainable use of environmental and human resources, as this is the key to the development, prosperity, and well-being of all stakeholders. Michal is a Global Justice Fellow at Yale University, New Haven**,** USA**,** and a founder and board member of the Polish Chapter of Academics Stand Against Poverty.

Inhalt

1. Introduction 

2. Background  

2.1. The mountain environment: universal character and representativeness      

2.2. Types of impacts     

2.3. Additional considerations   

3. Environmental impacts of mountaineering     

3.1. Violations to the geological surface 3.2. Changes in land relief           

3.2.1. Creation and degradation of tourist routes              

3.2.2. Degradation of cliff face   

3.3. Changes in soil cover and vegetation             

3.3.1. Changes in soil cover and vegetation in the hiking and trekking zones         

3.3.2. Changes in soil cover and vegetation in the climbing zone

3.4. Faunistic changes   

3.4.1. Faunistic changes in the hiking and trekking zones

3.4.2. Faunistic changes in the climbing zone      

3.5. Environmental pollution      

3.5.1. Littering of the alpine environment            

3.5.2. Human waste pollution    

3.5.3. Noise and artificial light pollution 

3.5.4. Landscape pollution caused by tourism infrastructure        

4. A conceptual framework for investigating the environmental impacts of mountaineering          

5. Conclusion