The separation of finely-divided solids from liquids constitutes an important stage in many industrial processes. Separation of mixtures ranging from highly concentrated slurries to slightly turbid liquids must be effected in circumstances where the solids, liquid or both phases may have value. Separations may be achieved by use of a membrane or filter medium which, positioned in the path of a flowing suspension, will allow passage of the fluid whilst retaining solids on the surface or within the medium. Alternatively the two phases may be separated by sedimentation processes involving gravitational or centrifugal force. In either mode, separation difficulties are sometimes experienced with the result that solid-liquid separation is often a bottleneck in commercial plants. Operational difficulties and plant failures are associated with the random nature of the particles being separated; variations in size, shape, states of aggregation, compressibility, etc. , produce a wide range of problems. Plugging of the filter medium or the collapse of the solids under applied stress lead to slow flowrates of liquid. The colloidal nature of some precipitates makes separation by settling virtually impossible without the use of chemical agents to enhance the size of basic units and to reduce repulsive surface forces. Unit operations such as filtration, comminution, etc. , involve a seemingly bewildering array of machines which makes plant selection a difficult step and reflects the uncer­ tainties attaching to operations involving the solid )hase. Many types of pressure, vacuum and centrifugal filter are available.

Inhalt

Preface.- Recent Advances in Compressible Cake Filtration Theory.- Flow Through Porous Media and Fluid-Particle Hydrodynamics.- Filtration Theory: Formation and Structure of Compressible Filter Cakes.- Blocking Filtration: Application to Non-Newtonian Fluids.- Deep Bed FiIters.- Use of BDST Analysis Techniques for the Design of Filtration Systems Using Coarse Media and Dual Media Filters in Series.- Pretreatment Processes.- Hydrodynamic Aspects of Flocculation.- Precoat Filtration Equations for Flat and Cylindrical Septa.- Centrifugal Separation.- Dewatering of Filter Cakes: Vacuum and Pressure Dewatering.- Filter Cake Washing.- Filter Media: Woven & Non-Woven Cloths for Liquids.- Dewatering by Compression.- List of Participants and Authors.