This book presents a translation and update of the classic German textbook of Mineralogy and Petrology that has been published for decades. It provides an introduction to mineralogy, petrology, and geochemistry, discussing the principles of mineralogy, including crystallography, chemical bonding, and physical properties, and the genesis of minerals in a didactic and understandable way. Illustrated with numerous figures and tables, it also features several sections dedicated to the genesis of mineral resources. The textbook reflects the authors' many years of experience and is ideal for use in lectures on mineralogy and petrology.

Autorentext

Martin Okrusch was born in 1934 in Guben, Germany, and studied Geosciences at the Free University of Berlin and the University of Würzburg, Bavaria. After having obtained his doctoral degree in 1961 and his Dr. rer. nat. habil. in 1968, he worked as a guest researcher at the University of California at Berkeley in 1968/1969 and became an associate professor at the University of Cologne in 1970. He was a full professor at the Technical University of Braunschweig from 1972 to 1982, and at the University of Würzburg from 1982 until his retirement in 2000. Since then he has continued to work on research projects in metamorphic and igneous petrology. Hartwig Frimmel, born in 1960 in Linz, Austria, received his PhD in Geology and Petrology from the University of Vienna in 1987. Since 2004 he has been a full professor at the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, where he holds the Chair in Geodynamics and Geomaterials Research. He is an honorary research associate at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, where he rose from lecturer to associate professor between 1989 and 2004. From 1998 to 2004 he was the leader of the Earth Science subprogramme of the South African National Antarctic Programme. He is a former president of the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits (SGA) and advisor at the national and European level on matters concerning mineral deposits. His main research interests range from economic geology, metamorphic petrology, Precambrian palaeoclimate and palaeogeography, to sedimentary geochemistry and the role of early life in metallogenesis.

Inhalt

Part I Introduction and basic concepts

1 Crystals

1.1 Crystal morphology

1.1.1 Symmetry operations and symmetry elements

1.1.2 Crystal systems and classes

1.1.3 The Law of rational indices

1.2 Crystal structure

1.2.1 Bravais lattices

2.2.2 Space groups

2.2.3 Determination of crystal structures by X-ray diffraction

1.3 Crystal chemistry

1.3.1 Basic concepts

1.3.2 Types of chemical bonds

1.3.3 Some important terms of crystal chemistry

1.4. Physical properties of crystals

1.4.1 Hardness and cohesion

1.4.2 Thermal conductivity

1.4.3 Electric properties

1.4.4 Magnetic properties

1.5 Optical crystallography

1.5.1 Basic bonds

1.5.2 Basic principles of microscopy in transmitted light

1.5.3 Basic principles of microscopy reflected light

References

2 Minerals

2.1 Definition of the term mineral

2.2 Identification and classification of minerals

2.3 Mode of occurrence

2.4 Rock-forming and economic minerals

2.4.1 Rock-forming minerals

2.4.2 Economic minerals

2.4.3 Gemstones

2.5 Biomineralisation and medical mineralogy

2.5.1 Biogenic mineral formation

2.5.2 Medical mineralogy

References

3 Rocks

3.1 Mineralogical composition of rocks

3.2 Relationships between lithogeochemistry and mineralogy

3.3 Rock fabric

3.3.1 Texture (microstructure)

3.3.2 Structure

3.4 Field relationships

3.5 Principal rock-forming processes

3.6 Mineral deposits

References

Part II

Systematic mineralogy - a selection of important minerals

4. Elements

   4.1 Metals

   4.2 Metalloids (semi-metals)

   4.3 Non-metals

   References

   5 Sulfides, arsenides and complex sulfides (sulfosalts)

   5.1 Metal su^ 1:1 (generally 2:1)

   5.2 Metal sulfides and arsenites with M:S = 1:1

   5.3 Metal sulfides, sulfarsenides and arsenites with M:S = 1:2

   5.4 Arsenic sulfides

   5.5 Complex metal sulfides (sulfosalts)

   References

   6 Halides

   References

   7 Oxides and hydroxides

   7.1 M2O compounds

   7.2 M3O4 compounds

   7.3 M2O3 compounds

   7.4 MO2 compounds

   7.5 Hydroxides

   References

   8 Carbonates, nitrates, borates

   8.1 Calcite group 32/m

   8.2 Aragonite group 2/m2/m2/m

   8.3 Dolomite group

   8.4 Azurite-malachite group

   8.5 Nitrates

   8.6 Borates

   References

   9 Sulfates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates

   9.1 Sulfates

   9.2 Chromates

   9.3 Molybdates and wolframates

   References

   10 Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates

   References

   11 Silicates

   11.1 Orthosilicates (nesosilicates)

   11.2 Disilicates (sorosilicates)

   11.3 Ring silicates (cyclosilicates)

   11.4 Chain silicates (inosilicates)

   11.4.1 Pyroxenes 11.4.2 Pyroxenoids

   11.4.3 Amphiboles

   11.5 Sheet silicates (phyllosilicates)

   11.5.1 Pyrophyllite-talc group

   11.5.2 Mica group

   11.5.3 Hydro-mica group

   11.5.4 Brittle mica group

   11.5.5 Chlorite series

   11.5.6 Serpentine group

   11.5.7 Clay minerals

   11.5.8 Apophyllite group

   11.6 Framework silicates

   11.6.1 SiO2 minerals

   11.6.2 Feldspar family

   11.6.3 Feldspathoids

   11.6.4 Cancrinite group

   11.6.5 Scapolite group

   11.6.6 Zeolite family

   References

   12 Fluid inclusions in minerals

   References

   Part III

   Petrology and metallogenesis

5. Igneous rocks

   13.1. Classification of igneous rocks

   13.1.1 Principal classification based on geological position and fabric

   13.1.2 Classification based on mineralogy

   13.1.3 Classification based on bulk chemical composition

   13.2 Petrography of igneous rocks

   13.2.1 Subalkaline magmatic rocks

   13.2.2 Alkaline magmatic rocks

   13.2.3 Carbonatite, kimberlite and lamproite

   References

   14 Volcanism

   14.1 Effusive volcanism: lava flows

   14.2 Extrusive volcanism

   14.3 Explosive volcanism

   14.4 Mixed volcanic activity: stratovolcanoes

   14.5 Volcanic exhalations

   References

   15 Plutonism

   15.1 Volcanic roots and magma chambers 15.2 Shapes of plutonic and subvolcanic intrusive bodies

   15.3 Internal structure and emplacement of intrusive bodies

   15.3.1 Internal structure of plutons

   15.3.2 Emplacement mechanisms

   15.3.3 Layered intrusions

   References

   16 Magma and lava 16.1 Chemical composition and structure of magma

   16.2 Volcanic gases

   16.3 Temperatures of magmat

   16.3.1 Direct measurement by pyrometry

   16.3.2 Melting experiments on natural rocks

   16.4 Viscosity of magmas and lavas

   16.5 Solubility of volatiles in magma

   References

   17 Formation and evolution of magmas

   17.1 Magma series

   17.2 Primary and parental melts

   17.2.1 Primary basaltic melts

   17.2.2 Granitic melts

   17.3 Magma mixing

   17.4 Magmatic differentiation

   17.4.1 Fractional crystallisation

   17.4.2 Liquid immiscibility

   17.5 Assimilation

   References

   18 Experiments in simplified model systems

   18.1 The Gibbs' Phase Rule

   18.2 Experiments in binary and ternary systems

   18.2.1 Experiments modelling the fractional crystallisation of basaltic magmas

   18.2.2 Experiments modelling the formation of SiO2-oversaturated and undersaturated magmas

   18.2.3 Experiments on the phase relations of mafic minerals in basaltic melts

   18.3 Bowens's Reaction Series

   18.4 The basalt tetrahedron of Yoder and Tilley (1962)

   18.5 Equilibrium melting and fractionated melting

   References

   19 The origin of basalt

   19.1 Basalt types and plate tectonics

   19.2 Formation of basaltic melts by partial melting of peridotite in Earth's upper mantle

   19.2.1 The pyrolite model

   19.2.2 Partial melting of H2O-free pyrolite

   19.2.3 Partial melting of H2O-bearing pyrolite

   References

   20 The origin of granite

   20.1 Petrogenetic classification of granit…