I first became interested in Husserl and Heidegger as long ago as 1980, when as an undergraduate at the Freie Universitat Berlin I studied the books by Professor Ernst Tugendhat. Tugendhat's at­ tempt to bring together analytical and continental philosophy has never ceased to fascinate me, and even though in more recent years other influences have perhaps been stronger, I should like to look upon the present study as still being indebted to Tugendhat's initial incentive. It was my good fortune that for personal reasons I had to con­ tinue my academic training from 1981 onwards in Finland. Even though Finland is a stronghold of analytical philosophy, it also has a tradition of combining continental and Anglosaxon philosophical thought. Since I had already admired this line of work in Tugendhat, it is hardly surprising that once in Finland I soon became impressed by Professor Jaakko Hintikka's studies on Husserl and intentionality, and by Professor Georg Henrik von Wright's analytical hermeneu­ tics. While the latter influence has-at least in part-led to a book on the history of hermeneutics, the former influence has led to the present work. My indebtedness to Professor Hintikka is enormous. Not only is the research reported here based on his suggestions, but Hintikka has also commented extensively on different versions of the manuscript, helped me to make important contacts, found a publisher for me, and-last but not least-was a never failing source of encouragement.

Inhalt

I: Introduction: Language as Calculus vs. Language as the Universal Medium.- 1. Continental and Analytical Philosophy.- 2. The Interpretational Framework.- 3. Some Qualifications and the Main Theses of this Study.- II: Husserl's Phenomenology and Language as Calculus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Formalism-Threat and Temptation-The Emergence of Language as Calculus in the Early Writings.- 2.1. The Semantics of Numbers and the Role of Psychology.- 2.2. The Interpretation and Re-interpretation of Algorithms-From Psychology to Logic.- 2.3. Spelling out the Language as Calculus Conception.On the Road to the Logical Investigations.- 3. Defending the Accessibility of Semantics Against Psychologistic Relativism: The Logical Investigations.- 3.1. Formal Mathematics and the Theory of Science.- 3.2. Frege's Hidden Psychologism and the Idea of Pure Logic.- 3.3. Meanings as Abstract Entities.- 3.4. The Structure and Classification of Meanings.- 3.5. Truth, Realism, and Knowledge about Abstract Objects.- 4. Transcendental Phenomenology and the Calculus Conception.- 4.1. Transcendental Reduction and the Problem of a Transcendental Language.- 4.2. Husserl, Leibniz, and Possible Worlds.- 4.3. Noemata, Metalanguage, and the Inexhaustibility of Semantics.- 4.4. Husserl's "Realism".- 4.5. Life-worlds and the Opposition to Relativism.- 4.6. Logic and Transcendental Phenomenology.- 5. Summary of Husserl's Notion of Language as Calculus.- III: Heidegger's Ontology and Language as the Universal Medium.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Heidegger as Adherer to the Conception of Language as Calculus in his Early Writings.- 2.1. Realism and the Critique of Psychologism.- 2.2. Rickert's Influence, the Critique of Logistik, and Truth as Correspondence.- 2.3. Husserl, Scotus, and Thomas of Erfurt.- 2.4. On the Way to Being and Time.- 3. The World as a "Closed Whole"-The Period of Being and Time.- 3.1. Introduction: Heidegger 1919-30.- 3.2. Being-in-the-world as Being within a Universal Medium of Meaning.- 3.3. From Phenomenology as an Absolute Science to Phenomenological Ontology as Hermeneutics.- 3.4. Logic, Language, Truth.- 4. "Language is the House of Being"-Language as the Universal Medium in Heidegger's Later "Thought".- 4.1. Art and Poetry.- 4.2. Language and Being.- 4.3. Language, Art, and the Universal Medium Conception.- 5. Summary of Heidegger's Conception of Language as the Universal Medium.- IV: Between Scylla and Charybdis-Gadamer's Hermeneutics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tradition and the Return of the Subject-Why Heidegger had Reason to Dislike the "Effective-Historical Consciousness".- 3. Language as Universal Adumbration.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Heidegger without Geschick.- 3.3. Husserl's Entry.- 3.4. The Centre of Language, the Speculative Sentence, Spiel and Picture.- 3.5. Gadamer's Universal Medium Conception.- Notes to Part I.- Notes to Part II.- Notes to Part III.- Notes to Part IV.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.