Visualizations-either self-created or external visual stimuli used as an aid to learning-are probably as old as learning itself. Yet surprisingly little research has been done either into how precisely they help us learn, or how to produce ones that are effective pedagogical tools. This volume, a comprehensive review of theory and research on the use of visualization in mathematics, science and reading, contrasts the two dominant theoretical paradigms of how people construct and interpret visualizations. However, the authors never lose sight of practical applications, providing frequent, accessible synopses of research findings in addition to succinct summaries of how the research affects practice. Written by a team with decades of experience in research and practice in the three subjects, the chapters show how cognitive psychology can enhance practical pedagogy, place visualizations in their proper historical context, and analyze in detail the effectiveness of paper-, computer- and video-based visualizations, with some surprising results. The book is published at a time when, it seems, there is no limit to the art of creating visualizations, as powerful computers make graphics ever more colorful and realistic and 'interactivity' is firmly established as a buzzword in the educational lexicon. The aim of the volume is to explore some central questions in the field, including how to evaluate visualizations and whether or not they can act as an aid to reading development, and to mathematics and science learning. The authors also point to potentially fruitful subjects for future research, and offer their own conclusions and recommendations. As the debate continues over the value of visualizations, with polarized arguments on the one hand lauding them and on the other dismissing them as gimmicks, this book introduces a voice of reason to the discussion that will be welcomed by psychologists and educationalists alike.

Zusammenfassung
Science education at school level worldwide faces three perennial problems that have become more pressing of late. These are to a considerable extent interwoven with concerns about the entire school curriculum and its reception by students. The rst problem is the increasing intellectual isolation of science from the other subjects in the school curriculum. Science is too often still taught didactically as a collection of pre-determined truths about which there can be no dispute. As a con- quence, many students do not feel any ownership of these ideas. Most other school subjects do somewhat better in these regards. For example, in language classes, s- dents suggest different interpretations of a text and then debate the relative merits of the cases being put forward. Moreover, ideas that are of use in science are presented to students elsewhere and then re-taught, often using different terminology, in s- ence. For example, algebra is taught in terms of x, y, z in mathematics classes, but students are later unable to see the relevance of that to the meaning of the universal gas laws in physics, where p, v, t are used. The result is that students are c- fused and too often alienated, leading to their failure to achieve that extraction of an education from a scheme of instruction which Jerome Bruner thought so highly desirable.

Inhalt
An Introduction To Visualization.- A Commonsense View and Its Problems.- A History of Visualization in Psychology and Science.- The Concept of Visualization.- Cognitive Theory.- Current Educational Research.- Visualizations and Mathematics.- Visualizations and Reading.- Visualizations and Science.- Cautions and Recommendations.- Research and Guidelines on Computer-Generated Visualizations.- Concluding Comments, Recommendations, and Further Considerations.