Flat-Panel Displays and CRTs, a review of electronic information display devices, is the first sys­ tematic and comprehensive coverage of the subject. It is intended to distill our wealth of knowledge of flat-panel displays and CRTs from their beginnings to the present state of the art. Historical perspective, theory of operation, and specific applications are all thoroughly covered. The field of display engineering is a multidisciplined technical pursuit with the result that its individual disciplines suffer from a lack of communications and limited perspective. Many previ­ ously developed standards for, and general understanding of, one technology are often inappro­ priate for another. Care has been taken here to document the old, incorporate the new, and emphasize commonalities. Criteria for performance have been standardized to enable an expert in one display technology, such as liquid crystals, to compare his device performance with that offered by another technology, such as electroluminescence. This book has been written with a second purpose in mind, to wit, to be the vehicle by means of which a new scientist or engineer can be introduced into the display society. It is organized to be tutorial for use in instructional situations. The first chapters begin with first principles and defini­ tions; the middle chapters set out requirements and criteria; and the last chapters give a complete description of each major technology.

Inhalt

1. Introduction.- 1.1 History of Electronics for Displays.- 1.2 Electronic Displays.- 1.2.1 Introduction.- 1.2.2 Display Categories.- 1.2.3 Display Technique.- 1.2.4 Font.- 1.2.5 The CRT Challenge.- 1.2.6 Definition of Flat-Panel Displays.- 1.2.7 Flat CRTs.- 1.3 Display Classifications.- 1.3.1 Flat-Panel Display Classifications.- 1.4 Display Nomenclature.- 1.4.1 Electroluminescence vs. Luminescence.- 1.4.2 Gas Discharge, or Plasma Panel.- 1.4.3 Cathodoluminescence vs. Vacuum Fluorescence.- 1.5 Classification Nomenclature.- 1.6 Picture Element or Pixel.- 1.7 Display Array.- 1.7.1 Duty Factor.- 1.7.2 Pixel Contrast Ratio.- 1.8 Addressing.- 1.8.1 Direct Addressing.- 1.8.2 Scan Addressing.- 1.8.3 Grid Addressing.- 1.8.4 Shift Addressing.- 1.8.5 Matrix Addressing.- 1.9 Display Device Development.- 1.10 Multidiscipline.- 1.11 Technology Impetus.- 1.12 Conclusion.- References.- 2. System Requirements.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 System Classification.- 2.3 Display Installation Classification.- 2.4 Display Functional Classification.- 2.5 Systems Constraints.- 2.5.1 Performance.- 2.5.2 System Design.- 2.5.3 Environmental Testing.- 2.5.4 Standards.- 2.6 Display Subsystems.- 2.6.1 Faceplate.- Structural Shield.- Radiation Shield.- Electromagnetic Interference Shield.- First-Surface Etching.- Antireflective Coating.- Filtering.- Optical Focusing.- 2.6.2 Bezel.- 2.6.3 Interactors.- 2.6.4 Electronics.- 2.7 Transillumination.- 2.8 Photometry.- 2.8.1 Photometric Measurements.- 2.8.2 Photometric Units.- References.- 3. The Visual System: Capabilities and Limitations.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Anatomy of the Visual System.- 3.2.1 Overall Organization.- 3.2.2 Rod and Cone Characteristics.- 3.3 Spatial Vision.- 3.4 Temporal Vision.- 3.4.1 Temporal CTF.- 3.4.2 Other Temporal Psychophysical Data.- 3.5 Color Vision.- 3.5.1 Color Systems and Measurement.- 3.5.2 The Chromatic CTF.- 3.6 Summary.- References.- 4. Image Quality: Measures and Visual Performance.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.1.1 Image Measurement and Specification.- 4.1.2 Physical Measures of Image Quality.- 4.1.3 Behaviorally Validated Measures of Image Quality.- 4.2 The Modulation Transfer Function.- 4.2.1 Concept and Measurement.- 4.2.2 Relation to Vision.- 4.2.3 Design Utility of the MTF.- 4.3 Pixel Error Measures.- 4.3.1 Measurement of Pixel Errors.- 4.3.2 Relation to Vision.- 4.4 MTF-Based Measures of Image Quality.- 4.4.1 Equivalent Passband, Ne.- 4.4.2 Strehl Intensity Ratio.- 4.4.3 Modulation Transfer Function Area (MTFA).- 4.4.4 Gray Shade Frequency Product (GSFP).- 4.4.5 Integrated Contrast Sensitivity (ICS).- 4.4.6 Visual Capacity (VC).- 4.4.7 Discriminate Difference Diagrams (DDD).- 4.4.8 Displayed Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNRD).- 4.4.9 Visual Efficiency (VE).- 4.4.10 Information Content (IC).- 4.4.11 Summary of MTF-Based Metrics.- 4.5 Pixel Error Measures of Image Quality.- 4.5.1 Normalized Mean Square Error (MSE).- 4.5.2 Point Squared Error (PSE).- 4.5.3 Perceptual MSE (PMSE).- 4.5.4 Image Fidelity (IF).- 4.5.5 Structural Content (SC).- 4.5.6 Correlational Quality (CQ).- 4.6 An Empirical Image Quality Model.- 4.7 Problems in Image Quality Measurement.- 4.7.1 Lines, Line Pairs, and TV Lines.- 4.7.2 The Measurement System.- 4.7.3 What to Measure and Calculate.- 4.7.4 Test Pattern Selection.- 4.8 Concepts Related to Image Quality.- 4.8.1 Uniformity: Large and Small Area.- 4.8.2 Shades of Gray.- 4.8.3 Resolution.- References.- 5. Flat-Panel Display Design Issues.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Power Efficiency.- 5.2.1 Emittersand Nonemitters.- 5.2.2 Ambient Illumination.- 5.2.3 Light Losses.- 5.2.4 Power Loss.- 5.2.5 Display System Efficiency Diagram.- 5.2.6 Quantum Efficiency.- 5.2.7 Material Efficiency.- 5.2.8 Estimating Display Performance.- 5.3 Addressability.- 5.3.1 Direct Addressing.- 5.3.2 Scan Addressing.- 5.3.3 Grid Addressing.- 5.3.4 Shift-Addressing Technique.- 5.3.5 Matrix Addressing.- One-Third-Select.- Cross-Coupling-Select.- Voltage Reversal.- Four-Case Model.- 5.3.6 Intrinsic Matrix Addressing.- DiodeNonlinearity.- Hysteresis.- Threshold.- 5.3.7 Extrinsic Matrix Addressing.- 5.4 Duty Factor.- 5.4.1 Pixel Dwell Time.- 5.4.2 Summary of Dwell Time Effects.- 5.5 Gray Scale.- 5.6 Color.- 5.7 Cost.- References for Section 5.1-5.7.- 5.8 Intrinsic Electronic Display Drive.- 5.8.1 IC Technology for High-Voltage Display Drivers, by Tom Engibous.- References for Section 5.8.- 5.9 Extrinsic Electronic Display Addressing.- 5.9.1 Fabrication and Application of Thin-Film Transistors to Displays, by L. E. Tannas, Jr..- The TFT Stack.- Counterelectrode Stack.- Electroluminescent (EL) Stack.- Addressing Stack.- Display.- References for Section 5.9.1.- 5.9.2 Extrinsic Matrix Addressing with Silicon Thin-Film Transistor Arrays, by A. I. Lakatos.- Structures of Si TFT.- Fabrication of Si TFT.- Performance of Si TFT.- Arrays of Si TFT.- Summary.- References for Section 5.9.2.- 6. The Challenge of the Cathode-Ray Tube.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Historical Origins of the CRT.- 6.3 Basic CRT Design and Operation.- 6.3.1 Monochrome CRTs.- 6.3.2 Color CRTs.- Mask Techniques.- Beam Index Tubes.- Penetration Phosphors.- Current-Sensitive Phosphors.- Projection Color TV.- 6.4 Electron-Optic Regions of the CRT.- 6.4.1 The Beam-Forming Region.- Crossover vs. Laminar Flow.- Oxide vs. Dispenser Cathode.- Triode vs. Tetrode Structure.- 6.4.2 The Focusing Region.- 6.4.3 The Deflection Region.- 6.4.4 The Drift Region.- 6.5 Limitations on Electron-Gun Performance.- 6.5.1 Optical Analog of the Electron Gun.- 6.5.2 Magnification.- 6.5.3 Cathode Loading.- 6.5.4 Lens Aberrations.- 6.5.5 Thermal Effects.- 6.5.6 Space Charge.- 6.5.7 Final Spot Size.- 6.6 The Viewing System.- 6.6.1 Cathodoluminescence.- 6.6.2 Phosphors.- 6.7 CRT Resolution and Contrast.- 6.7.1 Defining CRT Resolution.- 6.7.2 Contrast and Gray Scale in the CRT.- 6.8 The Life of the CRT.- 6.8.1 Cathode Life.- 6.8.2 Phosphor Life.- 6.9 Applications and Types of CRTs.- 6.9.1 CRT Applications.- 6.9.2 Types of CRTs.- 6.9.3 Examples of High-Performance CRTs.- Three-Inch Round CRT.- Four-Inch Square CRT.- 6.10 Driving the CRT.- 6.10.1 CRT Circuits.- 6.10.2 CRT Grid Drive Characteristics.- 6.11 Overview of CRT Performance.- Resolution.- Luminance.- Contrast Ratio, Detail.- Contract Ratio, Range.- Shades of Gray (0 Ambient).- Shades of Gray (High Ambients).- Phosphor Luminous Efficiency.- Tube Luminous Efficiency.- System Luminous Efficiency.- Depth Diagonal Ratio.- Size.- Modulation.- Storage.- Duty Cycle.- Spot Shape.- Life.- Cost Per Resoluti…