In this book major construction projects are reviewed. The aim is to present case studies or topics which would stimulate discussion within the areas of environmental policy, economy, ethics or science. By carefully balancing the needs and interests of all involved stakeholders and by observing basic ethical principles, it is possible to resolve the conflicts and to proceed towards constructive cooperation with commonly accepted environmental objectives. The book further contains the key conclusions and recommendations resulting from the "First International Symposium on Large-Scale Constructions in Coastal Environments" held on the island of Norderney from 21-25 April 1997.

Inhalt

I Environmental Ethics.- 1 The Tower of Babel was a Coastal Edifice.- 1.1 Taking Nature into Account.- 1.2 A Drastic Increase in Productivity.- 1.3 New Policy Indicators Measure Welfare.- 1.4 Concentration and Separation of Spatial Functions.- 1.5 Explicit Management/Conservation and Development of National Parks.- 1.6 Material Flow Chains are Closed Where this is Environmentally Most Effective.- 1.7 Use of Energy-Extensive and Non-Toxic Materials in the Construction Industry.- 1.8 Environmental Planning as an Instrument to Minimise Transport.- 1.9 Minimal Dependence on Fossil Energy in Transport.- 1.10 Minimising the Transport of Goods.- 1.11 Final Remarks.- 2 Philosophy and Man's Responsibility for Nature.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Modern Science and Modern Philosophy.- 2.3 Philosophy's Responsibility.- 2.4 Nature Politics.- References.- 3 On Moral Failures in Dealing with Environmental Issues: The Europipe Experience.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Moral Failures in the Europipe Conflict.- 3.2.1 Original Moral Failure of Politics.- 3.2.2 Moral Failure of the Pipeline Operator.- 3.2.3 Moral Failure of the Environmentalists.- 3.2.4 Second Moral Failure of Politics.- 3.2.5 Moral Failure of Local Communities.- 3.2.6 Moral Failure of the Media.- 3.2.7 Moral Failure of Science.- 3.3 Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- 4 Coastal and Marine Protected Areas: Nature's Refuge from Large-Scale Constructions.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Case of Europipe.- 4.3 National Obligations.- 4.4 International Obligations.- 4.5 The Ethical Argument: Respect for Nature.- 4.6 Conclusion.- References.- II Environmental Policy.- 5 Towards Developing Guidelines for Assessment, Design and Operation of Estuarine Barrages.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Definitions and Purposes of Barrages and Barriers.- 5.3 The Research Project.- 5.4 The Issues.- 5.4.1 Fisheries, Nature and Conservation.- 5.4.2 Hydrodynamics.- 5.4.3 Morphology.- 5.4.4 Flooding.- 5.4.5 Groundwater.- 5.4.6 Water Quality.- 5.4.7 Waves.- 5.4.8 Navigation.- 5.4.9 Structural Engineering Concepts.- 5.4.10 Water-Related Risk.- 5.5 Environmental Policy.- 5.5.1 Environmental Assessment and Environmental Statement.- 5.5.2 Environment Agency and Licences, Consents and Approvals.- 5.5.3 Planning Policy Guidance and Other Legislative Instruments.- 5.5.4 The Habitats Directive.- 5.5.5 Recreation and the Amenity Plan.- 5.6 Conclusion.- Bibliography and References.- 6 Building Bridges to Science: Making Coastal Science Better Understood.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Development, Science and Public Understanding.- 6.3 Constraints on Public Understanding of Coastal Science.- 6.4 Making Coastal Science Better Understood.- 6.5 Accessing the Inaccessible.- 6.6 Providing the "Public Window to the Marine Environment".- 6.7 "Sharing the Secrets of the Sea" - Dorset Coastlink A Case Study in Networking and Promoting Public Understanding of Coastal Science.- 6.8 Conclusions.- References.- 7 The Control and Steering Group for the Øresund Fixed Link (KSÖ) and the Environmental Control and Monitoring Programme.- 7.1 The Control and Steering Group for the Øresund Fixed Link (KSÖ).- 7.2 The Environmental Control and Monitoring Programme.- 7.2.1 Monitoring of Water Quality.- 7.2.2 Monitoring of Benthic Vegetation and Benthic Fauna.- 7.2.3 Monitoring of Fish.- 7.2.4 Monitoring of Birds.- 7.2.5 Monitoring of Beaches and Coasts.- 7.2.6 Environmental Information System.- 7.3 Postscript.- 7.4 List of Words and Expressions.- References.- III Environmental Impact and Planning.- 8 Europipe II: Early Consultation and Selection of Environmentally Good Alternatives Pay Off.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Alternative Pipeline Routes.- 8.3 Fishery Interests.- 8.4 Environmental Interests.- 8.5 Conclusions.- References.- 9 Seawater Desalination Plants: Heavy Coastal Industry.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 The Legal Context.- 9.3 Coastal Morphological Impacts.- 9.4 Some Technical Information About Thermal Desalination.- 9.5 Chemical Impacts.- 9.6 A Case Study: Copper.- 9.7 A Glance at Reverse Osmosis-Plants.- 9.8 The Targets: Coastal Sub-Ecosystems.- 9.9 How to Use the Sensitivity Index.- 9.10 Effects on the Regional Ecosystem as a Whole.- 9.11 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 10 Fixed Link Projects in Denmark and Ecological Monitoring of the Øresund Fixed Link.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Great Belt Link.- 10.3 The Øresund Link.- 10.4 The Fehmarn Belt Link.- 10.5 Ecological Monitoring Programme of the Øresund Link.- 10.5.1 Objectives.- 10.5.2 Criteria.- 10.5.3 Dredging Operations.- 10.5.4 Monitoring Strategy.- 10.5.5 The Contractors' Spill Monitoring Programme.- 10.5.6 Calculation of the Zero Solution.- 10.5.7 Feedback Monitoring Programme.- 10.5.8 Effect Monitoring.- 10.6 Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- 11 Towards an Integrated Approach in Environmental Planning: The Europipe Experience.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 The Wadden Sea.- 11.3 The Europipe Project.- 11.4 The Environmental Protection Plan.- 11.5 Sensitivity Studies (Route Selection).- 11.6 Environmental Impact Assessment.- 11.7 The Environmental Management of Construction Activities.- 11.8 Ecological Monitoring Programme.- 11.9 Environmental Audit.- 11.10 Conclusions.- References.- IV Recourse and Coastal Management.- 12 Managing the Ecology and Economy of Modified Estuaries: The Delta Project in The Netherlands.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Responses of Ecology and Economy.- 12.2.1 Ecology.- 12.2.2 Socio-economy.- 12.3 Management Strategies.- 12.4 The Decision Making Process and Lessons Learned.- 12.5 Conclusions.- References.- 13 Economics and Project Management in the Coastal Zone.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Competing Analytical Frameworks and Underlying World Views.- 13.2.1 Conventional CBA Framework.- 13.2.2 Modified CBA Framework.- 13.2.3 Radical Restriction of CBA Framework.- 13.2.4 Abandonment of CBA Framework.- 13.2.5 Further Issues of CBA Framework.- 13.3 Large-Scale Project Evaluation in the Coastal Zone.- 13.3.1 Port/Marina Complex Project: Partial Valuation Approach.- 13.3.2 Sustainable Development Policy Objective.- 13.4 Programme Level Sustainability Rules.- 13.5 Conclusions.- References.- 14 An Integrated Approach to Sustainable Coastal Management.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Management of Coastal Areas.- 14.3 The Ecosystem Approach to Land-Use Planning in Coastal Areas.- 14.4 Capacity Building, Major Groups and Public Participation.- 14.5 Conclusive Remarks.- References.- 15 The Europipe Landfall Project.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Background.- 15.3 Project Planning and Approval.- 15.4 Europipe Project Facilities.- 15.5 Europipe Landfall Facilities/Activities.- 15.5.1 Dredging.- 15.5.2 Pipelaying in the Tidal Channel.- 15.5.3 The Tunnel.- 15.5.4 The Tie-in Chamber.- 15.5.5 Pipelaying in the Tunnel.- 15.5.6 Backfilling of the Dredged Material.- 15.6 Environmental Management of Construction Activities.- 15.7 Concluding Remarks.- References.- V Environmental Science.- 16 Embankments and Their Ecological Impacts: A Case Study from the Tropical Low-Lying Coastal Plains of the Deltaic Sunderbans, India.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Physical Setting.- 16.3 Embankment Function and Design.- 16.3.1 Boulder Embankments.- 16.3.2 Brick-Block Revetments.- 16.3.3 Timber and Bamboo Pile Bulkheads.- 16.3.4 Gunny-Bag Embankments.- 16.…