According to its definition, synergetics is concerned with the cooperation of indi­ vidual parts of a system that produces macroscopic temporal, spatial or functional structures. A good deal of the volumes published within this series dealt with the formation of truly macroscopic structures which we can s. ee with our eyes. A common scheme could be developed to understand the formation of many patterns through self-organization. In particular, we have to use concepts which go beyond conventio­ nal thermodynamics. New ideas became crucial. We have to study kinetic processes, and often few highly excited degrees of freedom play the decisive role in the evo­ lution of structures. Over the past years it has turned out that quite similar lines of approach apply to a world which at first sight would be classified as "microsco­ pic". That world consists of processes in which biomolecules are involved. An impor­ tant example for the problems occurring there is provided by Manfred Eigen's theory of evolution of life at the molecular level (cf. his contribution to Volume 17 of this series). Another important example has been provided by Blumenfeld's book on problems of biological physics (Vol. 7 of this series). There it was proposed to treat biological molecules as machines which, in a certain sense, work through "macros­ copic" degrees of freedom.

Inhalt

1. Introduction.- 2. Phenomenology of Bioenergetic Processes.- 2.1 Muscle Contraction.- 2.2 Active Transport of Ions.- 2.3 Substrate Phosphorylation.- 2.4 Membrane Phosphorylation.- 2.5 Formulation of the Main Physical Problems in Bioenergetics.- 3. Membrane Phosphorylation: Chemiosmotic Concept and Other Hypotheses.- 3.1 Survey of Existing Hypotheses.- 3.2 What is the Meaning of the Words: "Energy Coupling of Chemical Reactions"?.- 3.3 Transmembrane Electrochemical Potential, its Components and Physical Principles of its Utilization in Bioenergetic Processes.- 3.4 The Chemiosmotic Concept. Experimental Data Pro and Contra.- 3.4.1 Methods of ?? Measurements.- 3.4.2 ?pH, ??, ??H+ Values and Phosphorylation in Membrane Energy-Transducing Systems.- 3.4.3 Membrane Phosphorylation Caused by Various Types of "Strokes".- 4. Proteins as Molecular Machines.- 4.1 The Physics of a Small Machine.- 4.2 Conformationally Nonequilibrium States of Proteins.- 4.2.1 Nonequilibrium States of Metal-Containing Proteins Trapped at Low Temperatures in a Frozen Matrix.- 4.2.2 Nonequilibrium States of Metal-Containing Proteins Recorded at Room Temperatures, and Kinetics of Their Relaxation.- 4.2.3 Chemical Properties of Metalloproteins in Conformationally Nonequilibrium States.- 4.3 Nonequilibrium Mixture of Molecules or Nonequilibrium Molecules?.- 5. Conformational Relaxation as the Elementary Act of Bioenergetic Processes.- 5.1 Muscle Contraction.- 5.1.1 The Simplest Quantum-Mechanical Machine Proposed by Gray and Gonda.- 5.1.2 Model: Two Particles in a Box with a Movable Partition.- 5.1.3 Automatic Regulation in a Model of the Quantum-Mechanical Machine.- 5.2 Active Transfer of Ions.- 5.3 Enzymatic Catalysis.- 5.3.1 Relaxation Concept of a Catalytic Act.- 5.3.2 Coherent Phonons and Catalytic Transformation.- 5.3.3 Free Energy Change During Chemical Transformation and the Conditions in which Machine Mechanisms are Advantageous.- 5.4 Membrane Phosphorylation.- 5.4.1 Model of a Redox Molecular Machine.- 5.4.2 Certain Corollaries Arising from the Relaxation Concept of Membrane Phosphorylation.- 6. Conclusion.- References.