This book combines the ideologies of parentocracy and consumer theory as theoretical lenses to view the private supplementary tutoring, also known as shadow education, with a focus on the demand at primary and lower secondary levels in China. It first explains parents' motivations of seeking private tutoring and their decision-making dynamics, and then explores the evolving micro-level process of demand that has changed over time. It further investigates how demand for private tutoring varies across parental socioeconomic status. This book also discusses parents' attitudes towards the Double Reduction policy and corresponding changes in their demand for tutoring. It concludes with some implications for regulating private tutoring and for improving school education. This book has pertinence in other countries as well as in China. Unpacking the demand for tutoring improves understanding of the global expansion and changing shapes of the phenomenon.

Researchers, educational policy-makers, teachers, tutors, consultants, and other educational practitioners interested in the topic of private tutoring will find this work thought-provoking, instructive and informative.

Autorentext

Dr. LIU Junyan is an associate professor in the Institute of Curriculum and Instruction at East China Normal University. She got her Bachelor's and Master's degree from Peking University, and PhD from the University of Hong Kong in 2017. She has been studying the phenomenon of private tutoring since 2013. She has acted as the principal investigator for three research projects on private tutoring in China. She has also served as a key consultant for policy making at national and regional levels on how to regulate private tutoring.