Veterinary Echocardiography

Veterinary Echocardiography, Second Edition is a fully
revised version of the classic reference for ultrasound of the
heart, covering two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler examinations
for both small and large animal domestic species. Written by a
leading authority in veterinary echocardiography, the book offers
detailed guidelines for obtaining and interpreting diagnostic
echocardiograms in domestic species. Now thoroughly updated to
address advances in technology, including better transducers,
tissue harmonic imaging, better color flow mapping, and color and
spectral tissue Doppler imaging, this second edition provides an
authoritative, comprehensive resource for echocardiographers of all
levels of experience.

The Second Edition has been restructured to be more
user-friendly, with chapters on acquired and congenital heart
diseases broken down into shorter disease-specific chapters. Key
changes include the addition of normal tissue Doppler technique, as
well as five new appendices, covering topics such as normal
reference ranges and an exam checklist. Veterinary
Echocardiography, Second Edition builds on the success of the
previous edition to provide complete information on obtaining
echocardiograms in veterinary medicine.

Autorentext
June A. Boon, MS, is an Echocardiographer at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.

Zusammenfassung
Veterinary Echocardiography, Second Edition is a fully revised version of the classic reference for ultrasound of the heart, covering two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler examinations for both small and large animal domestic species. Written by a leading authority in veterinary echocardiography, the book offers detailed guidelines for obtaining and interpreting diagnostic echocardiograms in domestic species. Now thoroughly updated to address advances in technology, including better transducers, tissue harmonic imaging, better color flow mapping, and color and spectral tissue Doppler imaging, this second edition provides an authoritative, comprehensive resource for echocardiographers of all levels of experience. The Second Edition has been restructured to be more user-friendly, with chapters on acquired and congenital heart diseases broken down into shorter disease-specific chapters. Key changes include the addition of normal tissue Doppler technique, as well as five new appendices, covering topics such as normal reference ranges and an exam checklist. Veterinary Echocardiography, Second Edition builds on the success of the previous edition to provide complete information on obtaining echocardiograms in veterinary medicine.

Inhalt

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xix

Chapter 1 the Physics of Ultrasound 3

Basic Physics 3

Cycles and Wavelengths 3

Frequency 5

Speed of Sound 5

Acoustic Impedance 6

Reflection, Refraction, and Scattering 7

Attenuation 8

Tissue Harmonic Imaging 9

Transducers and Resolution 9

Pulse Repetition Frequency 9

Sound Beams 11

Axial Resolution 12

Lateral Resolution 12

Temporal Resolution 14

Doppler Physics 14

The Doppler Shift 15

The Doppler Tracing 15

Pulsed-Wave Doppler 16

Continuous-Wave Doppler 17

The Doppler Equation 18

Angle of Interrogation 19

Effect of Transducer Frequency 20

Effect of Sampling (Gate) Depth 21

Blood Flow 22

Color-Flow Doppler 23

Tissue Doppler Imaging 26

Artifacts 29

Patient Movement and Breathing Artifacts 30

Side Lobe Artifact 30

Reverberation Artifact/Mirror Image Artifact 31

Summary 33

Recommended Reading 35

Chapter 2 the Two-dimensional Echocardiographic Exam 37

Introduction 37

Patient Preparation 37

Patient Positioning 37

Small Animal Positioning 37

Large Animal Positioning 39

Transducer Selection 40

Two-dimensional Images 40

Introduction 40

Right Parasternal Long-Axis Images 46

Left Ventricular Outflow View (InflowOutflow View) 46

The Image 46

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 49

Scanning Technique: Horse 54

Four-Chamber View 58

The Image 58

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 58

Scanning Technique: Equine 58

Right Parasternal Short-Axis Images 58

Introduction 58

Left Ventricle with Papillary Muscles and Chordae Tendinae View 63

The Image 63

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 65

Scanning Technique: Equine 66

Mitral Valve View 66

The Image 66

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 66

Scanning Technique: Equine 67

Heart Base: Aorta and Left Atrium View 67

The Image 67

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 69

Scanning Technique: Equine 69

Heart Base: Pulmonary Artery View 69

The Image 69

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 69

Scanning Technique: Equine 71

Left Ventricle with Pulmonary Artery View 71

The Image 71

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 71

Left Parasternal Apical Images 72

Introduction 72

Apical Five-Chamber View 72

The Image 72

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 75

Scanning Technique: Equine 75

Apical Four-Chamber View 75

The Image 75

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 75

Left Parasternal Cranial Long-Axis Images 80

Introduction 80

Left Cranial Left Ventricular Outflow View 80

The Image 80

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 80

Left Cranial Right Atrium and Auricle View 80

The Image 80

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 81

Left Cranial Right Ventricular Outflow View 82

The Image 82

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 83

Left Cranial Four-Chamber View: Equine 85

The Image 85

Scanning Technique: Equine 86

Left Cranial Five-Chamber View (Large Animal) 87

The Image 87

Scanning Technique: Equine 87

Left Parasternal Short-Axis Images 87

Introduction 87

Left Cranial Transverse Heart Base View 87

The Image 87

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 89

Scanning Technique: Equine 90 Left Cranial Left Auric...