The effective management of appropriate health care should be able to contain medical care costs and improve accessibility while addressing rationing concerns. However, managed care in the United States has not lived up to the expectations set for it.

Managed care quickly gained popularity among employers and public policy makers as a mechanism for curbing the excessive growth of health care insurance costs. Nonetheless, since its introduction, the system of largely for-profit managed care has been the subject of much public and political debate. The change from a fee-for-service system toward a system in which the health care insurance component is combined with the delivery of a broad range of integrated health care services for populations of plan enrollees that are financed prospectively from a limited budget has been widely criticized and has even been called repugnant. Instead of placing the blame on managed care organizations, however, we need to keep in mind that such organizations operate without societal agreement on critical issues such as a workable definition of health, an authoritative standard for defining the scope of entitlements, and on the distribution of labor between public and private sector entities. The health care system in the United States is also characterized by decentralization as well as the absence of a comprehensive health care planning or budgeting system, substantive access rules, and agreed-upon minimum health care benefit package. Therefore, managed care organizations only have limited responsibilities. The nonexistence of a shared, unifying paradigm of responsibility has been called the leading cause of the inability to manage health care appropriately. The stakeholders in health care operate on a set of widely varying interpretations of the notion of responsibility. The concept of genuine responsibility, recognizing the complexity of health care and the need for stakeholder-specific interpretations of responsibility, proposes as the underlying premise of responsibility (at least in regard to health care) the social agreement that distributive choices should be made on the basis of the premise of deliberate reciprocity. When all parties share the same foundation on which the notion of responsibility is built the resulting trust and cooperation among stakeholders enables them to find morally appropriate solutions in reforming health care.

"This book that is at the same time provocative and important. It proposes to change the way we think about deploying healthcare resources. It will accomplish its goal for readers who are willing to be challenged at a basic level. Intellectually sound and a very good read too."

Mark Pastin, Ph.D., President, Council of Ethical Organizations, Health Ethics Trust

"Dr. Verheijde has crafted the best study of the ethics of managed healthcare in more than a decade."

Glenn McGee, Ph.D., the John A. Balint Professor of Medical Ethics, Editor-in-Chief, The Americann Journal of Bioethics, and Director, Alden March Bioethics Institute.

Zusammenfassung
The goal of this book is to propose an alternative approach to address the problem of the exponential rise of health care costs, and, more importantly, to address the lingering dilemma of how to establish broadly agreed-upon fundamental guidelines by which health care can be managed in a manner that is more morally appropriate. Although in no way a new concept, the notion that society's financial resources, even when it comes to health care, are indeed limited is one with which the general public has grown increasingly familiar only during the past two decades. Familiarity, however, does not automatically imply public appreciation for the strategies that have been implemented to curb the problems of health care. These strategies have customarily been designed to change the distribution of health care, such as by limiting patient choices, reducing access, lowering utilization, increasing premiums, requiring higher deductibles, or shifting financial responsibilities. In other words, the main focus has been on making the patient, or as the commodity market would say, the consumer, more responsible.

Inhalt

Part 1. Health Care Costs and Scarcity. Introduction.- Development of Managed Care.- Rationing: A Dilemma for Ethicists.- Responsibility.- Part 2. The Concept of Managed Care and its Practical Implications.- Introduction.- Quality of Care in Managed Care.- History of Managed Care.- Where Does Managed Care Find its Market.- Definition of Managed Care.- Managed Care as Unknown Territory.- Methodological Concerns Regarding Data Collection.- Population-Based Distribution and Individual Autonomy.- Balancing Responsibilities.- Changes in Managed Care.- Part 3. Ideology: The Silent Partner.- Introduction.- The Concept of Ideology.- Ideology In Medicine.- The Context of Scarcity and its Ideological Impact on Health Care.- Conclusion.- Part 4. Concept of Genuine Responsibility.- Introduction.- Changing the Focus In Health Care Distribution.- The Notion of Responsibility.- Justice And Health Care.- Key Presumptions.- Part 5: Revising The Template For Modeling Health Care.- Introduction.- Necessity For Change.- Defining Health And Health Care.- The Main Parties Involved.- Part 6: Theoretical Reflections.- Introduction.- Managed Care.- The Problem: Who Is Responsible For What?- Justice As Appropriation.- A Template For Responsible Healthcare Distribution.- Part 7: Implementation In U.S. Health Care System: Challenges And Opportunities.- Introduction.- Changing The Views on Business And Profits.- Individual Entitlement And Social Justice.- The Role of Government.- Health Care Planning.- Health Care Budgeting.- Special Interest Groups And Policy Making.- The Minimum Health Care Benefit Package.- The Contribution of Evidence Based Medicine.- Bibliography.- Index.