This book examines some issues involving climate change, human trafficking, and other serious world challenges made worse by climate change. Climate change increases the risk of natural disasters and thus creates poverty and can cause situations of conflict and instability. Displacement can occur giving traffickers an opportunity to exploit affected people. In the fuzzy graph theory part of the book, the relatively new concepts of fuzzy soft semigraphs and graph structures are used to study human trafficking, as well as its time intuitionistic fuzzy sets that have been introduced to model forest fires. The notion of legal and illegal incidence strength is used to analyze immigration to the USA. The examination of return refugees to their origin countries is undertaken. The neighborhood connectivity index is determined for trafficking in various regions in the world. The cycle connectivity measure for the directed graph of the flow from South Americato the USA is calculated. It is determined that there is a need for improvement in government response by countries. Outside the area of fuzzy graph theory, a new approach to examine climate change is introduced. Social network theory is used to study feedback processes that effect climate forcing. Tipping points in climate change are considered. The relationship between terrorism and climate change is examined. Ethical issues concerning the obligation of business organizations to reduce carbon emissions are also considered. Nonstandard analysis is a possible new area that could be used by scholars of mathematics of uncertainty. A foundation is laid to aid the researcher in the understanding of nonstandard analysis. In order to accomplish this, a discussion of some basic concepts from first-order logic is presented as some concepts of mathematics of uncertainty. An application to the theory of relativity is presented.

Autorentext

Dr. John N Mordeson is a professor emeritus of Mathematics at Creighton University. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. from Iowa State University. He is a member of Phi Kappa Phi. He has published 20 books and over 200 journal articles. He is on the editorial board of numerous journals. He has served as an external examiner of Ph.D. candidates from India, South Africa, Bulgaria, and Pakistan. He has refereed for numerous journals and granting agencies. He is particularly interested in applying mathematics of uncertainty to combat the problem of human trafficking. Dr. Sunil Mathew is a faculty member in the Department of Mathematics, NIT Calicut, India. He has acquired his masters from St. Joseph's College Devagiri, Calicut, and Ph.D. from National Institute of Technology Calicut in the area of fuzzy graph theory. He has published more than 120 research papers and written 10 books. He is a member of several academic bodies and associations. He is an editor and reviewer of several international journals. He has an experience of 20 years in teaching and research. His current research topics include fuzzy graph theory, bio-computational modeling, graph theory, fractal geometry, and chaos. Ms. Gayathri G is currently pursuing research in the Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, India. She took her master's degree in Mathematics from Government College Kasaragod, Kasaragod. She has got several publications in prestigious journals.