Dieses in seiner Ausführlichkeit einzigartige Referenzwerk stellt Photoinitiatoren (PI) und Photoiniatorsysteme sowie deren Rolle bei verschiedenen Polymerisierungsreaktionen im Detail vor. Beispiele unterschiedlichster Anwendungen in der Industrie werden ebenfalls behandelt.

Autorentext

*Jean-Pierre Fouassier is Emeritus Professor of the University of Haute Alsace, Mulhouse. His research interests are focused on time resolved laser spectroscopy of photoinitiatiors and the design of efficient systems for applications of photopolymerization reactions in various areas.*Jacques Lalevée is Professor at the Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Mulhouse ENSCMu at the University of Haute Alsace. His research focus is on free radical chemistry and the design of new polymerization initiating systems.*

Klappentext

A comprehensive text that covers everything from the processes and mechanisms to the reactions and industrial applications of photoinitiators

Photoinitiators offers a wide-ranging overview of existing photoinitiators and photoinitiating systems and their uses in ever-growing green technologies. The authorsnoted experts on the topicprovide a concise review of the backgrounds in photopolymerization and photochemistry, explain the available structures, and examine the excited state properties, involved mechanisms, and structure, reactivity, and efficiency relationships. The text also contains information on the latest developments and trends in the design of novel tailor-made systems.

The book explores the role of current systems in existing and emerging processes and applications. Comprehensive in scope, it covers polymerization of thick samples and in-shadow areas, polymerization under LEDs, NIR light induced thermal polymerization, photoinitiators for novel specific and improved properties, and much more. Written by an experienced and internationally renowned team of authors, this important book: Provides detailed information about excited state processes, mechanisms and design of efficient photoinitiator systemsDiscusses the performance of photoinitiators of polymerization by numerous examples of reactions and applicationIncludes information on industrial applicationsPresents a review of current developments and challengesOffers an introduction to the background information necessary to understand the fieldThe role played by photoinitiators in a variety of different polymerization reactions Written for polymer chemists, photochemists, and materials scientists, Photoinitiators will also earn a place in the libraries of photochemists seeking an authoritative, one-stop guide to the processes, mechanisms, and industrial applications of photoinitiators.

Zusammenfassung
Photoinitiators A comprehensive text that covers everything from the processes and mechanisms to the reactions and industrial applications of photoinitiators*Photoinitiators offers a wide-ranging overview of existing photoinitiators and photoinitiating systems and their uses in ever-growing green technologies. The authorsnoted experts on the topicprovide a concise review of the backgrounds in photopolymerization and photochemistry, explain the available structures, and examine the excited state properties, involved mechanisms, and structure, reactivity, and efficiency relationships. The text also contains information on the latest developments and trends in the design of novel tailor-made systems.The book explores the role of current systems in existing and emerging processes and applications. Comprehensive in scope, it covers polymerization of thick samples and in-shadow areas, polymerization under LEDs, NIR light induced thermal polymerization, photoinitiators for novel specific and improved properties, and much more. Written by an experienced and internationally renowned team of authors, this important book:Provides detailed information about excited state processes, mechanisms and design of efficient photoinitiator systemsDiscusses the performance of photoinitiators of polymerization by numerous examples of reactions and applicationIncludes information on industrial applicationsPresents a review of current developments and challengesOffers an introduction to the background information necessary to understand thefieldThe role played by photoinitiators in a variety of different polymerization reactionsWritten for polymer chemists, photochemists, and materials scientists, Photoinitiators* will also earn a place in the libraries of photochemists seeking an authoritative, one-stop guide to the processes, mechanisms, and industrial applications of photoinitiators.

Inhalt
Volume 1

Introduction xv

Part I Photopolymerization Reactions and Photoinitiators: Backgrounds 1

1 Backgrounds in Photopolymerization Reactions: A Short Overview 3

1.1 Photopolymerization and Photo-cross-linking 3

1.1.1 Reactions 3

1.1.2 Photoinitiation Step 4

1.1.3 Different Kinds of Photopolymerization Reactions 4

1.1.4 Monomers and Oligomers 4

1.1.5 Photopolymerizable Formulations 6

1.1.6 UV Curing 6

1.1.7 Imaging 6

1.1.8 Controlled Photopolymerization 7

1.2 Photopolymerization Reactions 7

1.2.1 Monomers and Oligomers in Photopolymerization Reactions 7

1.2.1.1 Monomers/Oligomers in Radical Photopolymerization 8

1.2.1.2 Monomers/Oligomers in Cationic Photopolymerization 10

1.2.1.3 Monomers in Thiolene Photopolymerization 11

1.2.1.4 Monomers in Charge Transfer Photopolymerization 12

1.2.1.5 Monomers in Anionic Photopolymerization 12

1.2.1.6 Monomers in Photoinduced Copper-Catalyzed AzideAlkyne Cycloaddition 12

1.2.1.7 Monomers in Photoactivated Hydrosilylation Reactions 12

1.2.2 Monitoring the Photopolymerization Reaction 13

1.2.3 Kinetic Laws in Photopolymerization Reactions 13

1.2.3.1 Radical Photopolymerization 13

1.2.3.2 Cationic Photopolymerization 15

1.2.3.3 Dependence of Photopolymerization Rate 15

1.2.3.4 Laser-Induced Photopolymerization 16

1.2.3.5 Kinetics of the Photopolymerization in Bulk 17

1.2.4 Oxygen Inhibition 18

1.2.5 Role of Light Stabilizers 18

1.2.6 Competitive Absorption of Light by a Pigment 20

1.2.7 Role of Environment in the Polymerization Reaction 21

1.3 Implementation of Photopolymerization Reactions and Brief Overview of the Applications 22

1.3.1 Light Sources for Photopolymerization Reactions 22

1.3.1.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 22

1.3.1.2 Characteristics of a Light Source 23

1.3.1.3 Available Light Sources 23

1.3.2 Brief Overview of the Application Areas 27

References 29

2 Photoinitiating System 35

2.1 Characteristics of a Photoinitiating System 35

2.1.1 General Properties 35

2.1.2 Absorption of Light by a Molecule 35

2.1.2.1 Absorption Spectrum 35

2.1.2.2 Molecular Orbitals and Energy Levels 36

2.1.2.3 Absorption of Light and Optical Transitions 36

2.1.2.4 Absorption Intensity 37

2.1.2.5 Reciprocity Law 38

2.1.2.6 Multiphotonic Absorption 38

2.1.3 Jablonski's Diagram 39

2.1.4 Kinetics of the Excited State Processes 40

2.1.5 Photoinitiator and Photosensitizer 40

2.1.6 Absorption of a Photosensitive System 42

2.1.7 Initiation Step of a Photoinduced Polymerization 42

2.1.7.1 Production of Initiating Species 43

2.1.7.2 Competitive Reactions in the Excited States 43

2.1.7.3 Reactivity in Bulk vs. Solution: Role of Diffusion 43

2.1.7.4 Cage Effects 44

2.2 Approach of Photochemical and Chemical Reactivity 45

2.3 Reactivity of a Photosensitive System 46

2.4 Efficiency vs. Reactivity 48

References 49

Part II Photoinitiators: Structures, Excited States, Reactivity, and Efficiency 55

3 Cleavable Radical Photoinitiators 59

3.1 Benzoyl Chromophore-Based Photoinitiators 59

3.1.1 Benzoin Derivatives 61

3.1.2 Benzoin Ether Derivatives 62

3.1.2.1 Absorption of Benzoin Ethers 62

3.1.2.2 Photolysis of Benzoin Ethers 63

3.1.2.3 Cleavage Process in Benzoin Ethers 64 …