The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with some basic information applicable to cattle feeding. It is intended to adapt some of the basic principles of nutrition in applied form. During the past few decades there have been various changes in type and form of feeds available for livestock feeding due to new kinds of equipment. Mechanization has made it possible to perform certain opera­ tions of the beef production program more efficiently and economically. With all the new innovations and advances in animal nutrition combined with the capabilities of the computer, it becomes very challenging for everyone to keep up to date on the latest information in the field of cattle feeding and production. The text was written with the intent of utilizing the raw materials, facilities, equipment, etc. which are available in the United States. The terminology of certain materials such as feed ingredients will vary from one country to another. One term which is frequently used in this text is forage. Although the term roughage is used more commonly in the United States it has been replaced with forage in this text. J.K. MATSUSHIMA Fort Collins, January 1979 Contents Chapter 1 Nutrients 1 Proximate Feed Analysis 1 Chemical Classification of Nutrients 2 1.1 Water 3 1.1.1 Drinking Water .... ....

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1 Nutrients.- Proximate Feed Analysis.- Chemical Classification of Nutrients.- 1.1 Water.- 1.1.1 Drinking Water.- 1.1.2 Moisture Content of Feed and Diet.- 1.1.2.1 Effect of Moisture Content of Feed or Diet on Animal Performance.- 1.1.2.2 Effect of Moisture Content on Feed and Storage Qualities.- 1.1.2.3 Effect of Moisture Content When Purchasing Large Quantities of Feed.- 1.2 Protein.- 1.2.1 Digestible Protein.- 1.2.2 Choice of Protein Supplements.- 1.2.3 Nonprotein Nitrogen Sources.- 1.3 Fats.- 1.4 Carbohydrates.- 1.5 Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN).- 1.6 Efficient Use of Urea.- 1.6.1 Urea Supplements fpr Various Feeding Conditions and Weights of Cattle.- 1.6.1.1 For Weanling Calves.- 1.6.1.2 For Wintering Calves Over 500 lbs, for Replacement Heifers, and Young Bulls.- 1.6.1.3 For Pregnant or Dry Cows on Pasture and in Drylot.- 1.6.1.4 For Feedlot Cattle on High Energy Rations.- 1.6.2 Ammonia Toxicity.- References and Supplemental Literature.- 2 Classification of Feeds.- 2.1 Forages.- 2.1.1 Dry Forages.- 2.1.1.1 Legumes.- 2.1.1.2 Other Legumes.- 2.1.1.3 Nonlegumes.- 2.1.2 Green or Succulent Forages.- 2.1.2.1 Silages.- 2.1.2.2 Corn and Sorghum Silages.- 2.1.2.3 Silage Preservatives.- 2.1.2.4 Haylage.- 2.1.2.5 Soilage (Green Chop).- 2.2 Concentrates.- 2.2.1 Low Protein Concentrates (Less than 15% Protein).- 2.2.1.1 Cereal Grains.- 2.2.1.2 Molasses.- 2.2.1.3 Beet Pulp.- 2.2.1.4 Mill Byproducts.- 2.2.2 Medium Protein Concentrates (15-25% Protein).- 2.2.3 High Protein Concentrates (Over 25% Protein).- References and Supplemental Literature.- 3 Procedures in Ration Formulation.- 3.1 Balancing Rations.- 3.1.1 Information or Materials Needed.- 3.2 Procedure for Formulating Rations.- 3.2.1 Formulating a Simple Ration Involving Two or Three Feeds.- 3.2.2 Formulating a Ration with Specific Concentrate Level.- References and Supplemental Literature.- 4 Processing Feeds for Beef Cattle.- 4.1 Methods of Processing.- 4.1.1 Grinding, Cracking, or Dry Rolling.- 4.1.2 Extruding.- 4.1.3 Pelleting.- 4.1.4 Roasting.- 4.1.5 Popping.- 4.1.6 Micronizing.- 4.1.7 Steam Rolling.- 4.1.8 Steam Flaking; Pressure Flaking.- 4.2 High-Moisture Grains; Reconstituting.- 4.2.1 Soaking.- 4.2.2 Sprouting.- 4.2.3 Exploding.- References and Supplemental Literature.- 5 Systems of Feeding.- 5.1 Pasture Feeding.- 5.2 Growing Cattle.- 5.2.1 Feeding Replacement Heifers.- 5.2.1.1 Protein.- 5.2.1.2 Minerals (Calcium, Phosphorus, and Salt).- 5.2.1.3 Vitamin A.- 5.2.2 Feeding Replacement Feeder Cattle (Backgrounding).- 5.3 Finishing Cattle.- 5.3.1 Concentrate-to-Forage Ratio.- 5.3.2 Substitution of Feeds.- 5.3.2.1 Grains.- 5.3.2.2 Forages.- 5.3.3 Protein Levels and Sources.- 5.3.3.1 For Finishing Lightweight Feeders.- 5.3.3.2 For Finishing Yearling Cattle.- 5.3.4 Mineral Supplementation.- 5.3.4.1 Salt(NaCl).- 5.3.5 Calcium and Phosphorus.- 5.3.6 Potassium and Other Elements.- 5.3.7 Vitamin A Supplementation.- References and Supplemental Literature.- 6 Feed Additives.- 6.1 Antibiotics.- 6.1.1 For Young Calves.- 6.1.2 For Feedlot Cattle.- 6.1.3 For Range Cows and Bulls.- 6.2 Anthelmintics.- 6.3 Bloat Prevention.- 6.4 Coccidiostat.- 6.5 Foot Rot.- 6.6 Grubicide.- 6.7 Melengestrol Acetate.- 6.8 Rumensin.- 6.9 Stilbestrol.- References and Supplemental Literature.- 7 Growth Stimulants.- 7.1 Stilbestrol Implants.- 7.1.1 For Range Cattle.- 7.1.2 For Feedlot Cattle.- 7.2 Synovex Implants.- 7.3 Ralgro Implants.- References and Supplemental Literature.