xv NOTES ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY AND CITATIONS xxi LIST OF ABBREVIA TIONS XXIIl CHAPTER 1: GRAMMATICAL NOTES 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Basics 1 3. Major Lexical Classes 2 3. 1. V 3 3. 2. N 3 3. 3. A 5 3. 3. 1. Quantifiers 6 3. 3. 2. Existentials and Locatives 6 4. Minor Lexical Classes 7 4. 1. Clitics 7 4. 1. 1. Clause-proclitic 7 4. 1. 2. S-enclitic 8 4. 1. 3. V-enclitic 8 4. 1. 4. Clause-second 9 4. 2. Directionals 9 4. 3. Particles 11 5. Flagging 11 6. Word Order 12 7. Construction Survey 12 7. 1. Negation 12 13 7. 2. Questions 7. 3. Complement Clauses 14 16 7. 4. Motion cum Purpose 17 7. 5. Topics 7. 6. Prepredicate Position 18 19 Notes CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL SKETCH 20 20 1. Arcs vii Vlll T ABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 1. Sets of Grammatical Relations 22 1. 2. Stratum 24 Ergative and Absolutive 1. 3. 25 1. 4. 25 Formal Connections between Arcs 2. Sponsor and Erase 26 2. 1. Successors 26 2. 2. Replacers 28 2. 3. Self-Sponsor and Self-Erase 30 3. Ancestral Relations 31 4. Pair Networks 31 Resolution of Overlapping Arcs 32 5. 6. Coordinate Determination 33 7. Rules and Laws 35 8. Word Order 36 9. APG Versions of RG Laws 36 9. 1. Stratal Uniqueness Law 36 9. 2. Chomeur Law and Motivated Chomage Law 36 Relational Succession Law and Host Limitation Law 9. 3.

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1: Grammatical Notes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basics.- 3. Major Lexical Classes.- 3.1. V.- 3.2. N.- 3.3. A.- 3.3.1. Quantifiers.- 3.3.2. Existentials and Locatives.- 4. Minor Lexical Classes.- 4.1. Clitics.- 4.1.1. Clause-proclitic.- 4.1.2. S-enclitic.- 4.1.3. V-enclitic.- 4.1.4. Clause-second.- 4.2. Directionals.- 4.3. Particles.- 5. Flagging.- 6. Word Order.- 7. Construction Survey.- 7.1. Negation.- 7.2. Questions.- 7.3. Complement Clauses.- 7.4. Motion cum Purpose.- 7.5. Topics.- 7.6. Prepredicate Position.- Notes.- 2: Theoretical Sketch.- 1. Arcs.- 1.1. Sets of Grammatical Relations.- 1.2. Stratum.- 1.3. Ergative and Absolutive.- 1.4. Formal Connections between Arcs.- 2. Sponsor and Erase.- 2.1. Successors.- 2.2. Replacers.- 2.3. Self-Sponsor and Self-Erase.- 3. Ancestral Relations.- 4. Pair Networks.- 5. Resolution of Overlapping Arcs.- 6. Coordinate Determination.- 7. Rules and Laws.- 8. Word Order.- 9. APG Versions of RG Laws.- 9.1. Stratal Uniqueness Law.- 9.2. Chomeur Law and Motivated Chomage Law.- 9.3. Relational Succession Law and Host Limitation Law.- 9.4. Final 1 Law.- Notes.- 3: Inflection and Agreement.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Moods and Aspects.- 2.1. Neutral Aspect.- 2.2. Incompletive Aspect.- 2.3. Completive Aspect.- 2.4. Perfect Aspect.- 3. Cross-referencing Person.- 3.1. Set A Affixes.- 3.2. Set B Affixes.- 3.3. Imperative Suffixes.- 4. Cross-referencing Number.- 4.1. First Person.- 4.2. Second and Third Person.- 5. The Optionality of Number Agreement.- 6. Agreement and Covert Arguments.- 7. APG Account of Agreement.- 7.1. Agreement Laws.- 7.2. Tzotzil Agreement Rules.- Notes.- 4: Passive Clauses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Syntax of Passive Clauses.- 2.1. Advancement to Subject.- 2.2. Passive Suffixes.- 2.2.1. -e: Monosyllabic Stems.- 2.2.2. -bil: Passive Perfects.- 3. Tzotzil Passive Rules (APG).- 3.1. Passive Chomeurs.- 3.2. The Form of Chomeurs.- 3.2.1. Possessor of Relational Noun.- 3.2.2. Object of Preposition.- 3.2.3. Passive Chomeur Rule.- 3.3. Passive Suffixes.- 3.4. Other Passive Rules.- Notes.- 5: Reflexive Clauses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reflexive Clauses.- 3. Reciprocal Coreference.- 4. Tzotzil Rules (APG).- 4.1. Lower Pioneer.- 4.2. Conditions on Reflexives.- Notes.- 6: Unaccusative Clauses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reflexive Unaccusative Clauses.- 3. Plain Unaccusative Clauses.- 3.1. Bivalent Stems.- 3.2. Morphological Properties of Bivalent Stems.- 3.2.1. Perfect.- 3.2.2. Subjunctive.- 4. Verb Classification.- 5. Tzotzil Rules (APG).- Notes.- 7: Ditransitive Clauses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ditransitive Clauses.- 3. 3-to-2 Advancement.- 3.1. Agreement.- 3.2. Ditransitive Passives.- 3.3. Ditransitive Reflexives.- 4. Non-Existence of Final Indirect Objects.- 5. Restrictions on Advancement.- 5.1. Chomage Condition.- 5.2. Person Restriction.- 6. Ditransitive Perfect Passives.- 7. Tzotzil Rules (APG).- 7.1. 3-to-2 Advancement.- 7.2. Ditransitive Passives.- 7.3. Ditransitive Reflexives.- 8. Conclusion.- Notes.- 8: Possessor Ascension.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Possessor Ascension.- 2.1. Agreement.- 2.2. Passive.- 2.3. Reflexives.- 3. Coreference Condition 1.- 4. Restriction on Ascension Host.- 5. Tzotzil Possessor Ascension Rule.- 6. The Unique 3 Arc Constraint.- 7. Optional Cases of Possessor Ascension.- 7.1. First and Second Person Possessors.- 7.2. Non-Pronominal Possessors.- 8. Coreference Condition 2.- 9. Possessor Ascension in Discourse.- 10. APG Laws and Tzotzil Rules.- 10.1. Possessor Ascension.- 10.2. Other Rules.- 11. Conclusion.- Notes.- 9: Topic, Focus, and Copy Possessor Ascension.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Distinguishing Topic and Focus.- 3. Surface Constituency in Possessor Ascension Structures.- 3.1. Evidence from other Extraction Structures.- 3.2. Other Resolutions of Possessor Ascension.- 4. Topic and Focus.- 4.1. Topicalization.- 4.2. Focus.- 5. Copy and Coreferential Pronouns.- 6. APG Laws and Tzotzil Rules.- 6.1. Possessor Ascension and the Successor Erase Law.- 6.2. Surface Constituency in Possessor Ascension Structures.- 6.3. Coreference Rule.- 6.4. Topic and Focus.- 6.4.1. Overlay Relations.- 6.4.2. Tzotzil Constraints.- 6.5. Conclusion.- Notes.- 10: Surrogate Agreement.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Possessor Ascension.- 3. Conjunct Union.- 3.1. -chi7uk.- 3.1.1. xchi7uk as Conjunction.- 3.1.2. -chi7uk as Predicate.- 3.1.3. xchi7uk as Flag.- 3.2. Conjunct Union.- 3.3. Reflexive Conjunct Union.- 3.4. Indefinite Comitatives.- 4. Summary.- 5. APG Laws and Tzotzil Rules.- 5.1. Conjunct Union.- 5.2. Conjunct Union Law.- 5.3. Tzotzil Conjunct Union Rules.- 5.4. Reflexive Conjunct Union.- 5.5. Surrogate Agreement.- 6. Conclusion.- Notes.- 11: Clause Unions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Causative Clause Union.- 2.1. Evidence for Initial Biclausal Structure.- 2.2. Evidence for Union: Complement Subject.- 2.2.1. Interaction with Passive.- 2.2.2. Interaction with Possessor Ascension.- 2.3. Evidence for Union: Complement Direct Object.- 2.3.1. Chomeur Restriction.- 2.3.2. Reflexive Restriction.- 2.4. Advancements in the Complement.- 2.5. Conclusion.- 3. Abilitative Clause Union.- 3.1. Analysis.- 3.2. Unaccusative Complement.- 3.3. Initial Biclausal Structure.- 3.4. Final Monoclausal Structure.- 3.5. Further Remarks on Inflection.- 3.6. Interaction with Possessor Ascension.- 4. Summary.- 5. APG Laws and Tzotzil Rules.- Notes.- 12: Quantification and Initial Absolutives.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Quantifiers.- 3. Prepredicate Quantifiers without Classifier.- 3.1. Monotransitive Clauses.- 3.2. Ditransitive Clauses.- 3.3. Reflexive Clauses.- 4. Prepredicate Quantifiers with Classifier.- 5. Postpredicate Quantifiers.- 6. Grammatical Relations versus Linear Order.- 6.1. Binding Ergatives in Reflexive Clauses.- 6.2. Pima Quantifier Binding.- 7. Conclusion.- Notes.- Conclusion.- Phonological Rules.- 1. Deletion of Stem-initial Glottal Stop.- 2. Deletion of Prevocalic A3 Prefix.- 3. Neutral Aspect Marker.- 4. Spirant Assimilation.- 5. Contraction.- 6. Geminate Reduction.- 7. Vowel Deletion.- 7.1. Transitive Imperative.- 7.2. -be.- References.