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Neuropsychopharmacology is a relatively new subject area in the neurosciences. It is a field of study that describes the effects of drugs from the molecular to the behavioural level and requires integration and synthesis of knowledge from various disciplines including neuroanatomy, physiology, molecular biology, pharmacology and the behavioural sciences. The principal aims of this book are to provide students with a clear understanding of CNS disorders, and an appreciation of how basic and clinical research findings can be translated into therapeutics. After an introduction to the subject area, the remaining chapters are focused on reviewing the main psychiatric and neurological disorders that are covered in most courses. They are discussed in terms of their clinical symptoms, epidemiology, pathology, aetiology, underlying neurobiological and neurochemical mechanisms, pharmacotherapy, adjunctive non-pharmacological treatments, and clinical outcomes. Each chapter of the book is a stand-alone chapter and is written in a clear, accessible style. Written by an author with many years teaching and research experience, this textbook will prove invaluable for students of pharmacology, pharmacy and the medical sciences needing a truly integrated introduction to this exciting field.
Autorentext
Ivor S. Ebenezer, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK
Klappentext
Neuropsychopharmacology and Therapeutics Ivor S. Ebenezer Neuropsychopharmacology is a relatively new subject area in the neurosciences. It is a feld of study that describes the effects of drugs from the molecular to the behavioural level and requires integration and synthesis of knowledge from various disciplines including neuroanatomy, physiology, molecular biology, pharmacology and the behavioural sciences. The principal aims of this book are to provide students with a clear understanding of CNS disorders and an appreciation of how basic and clinical research fndings can be translated into therapeutics. After an introduction to the subject area, the remaining chapters are focused on reviewing the main psychiatric and neurological disorders that are covered in most undergraduate courses. They are discussed in terms of their clinical symptoms, epidemiology, pathology, aetiology, underlying neurobiological and neurochemical mechanisms, pharmacotherapy, adjunctive nonpharmacological treatments and clinical outcomes. Each chapter of the book is a 'stand-alone' chapter and is written in a clear, accessible style.
Inhalt
Preface xiii
About the Companion Website xv
1 Introduction to Neuropsychopharmacology 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 A Brief Overview of the Anatomy and Function of the Brain 2
1.2.1 The Brainstem 2
1.2.2 The Metencephalon 3
1.2.3 Diencephalon 4
1.2.4 The Telencephalon 5
1.2.5 The Cerebral Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid 7
1.3 Important Neurotransmitters 7
1.3.1 GABA and GABA Receptors 7
1.3.2 Glutamate and Glutamate Receptors 10
1.4 Central Nervous System Stimulant and Depressant Drugs 11
1.5 Central Nervous System (CNS) Stimulant Drugs 13
1.5.1 Psychomotor Stimulants 13
1.5.2 Analeptic Drugs 19
1.6 Depressant Drugs 21
1.6.1 Benzodiazepines 21
1.6.2 Other Depressant Drugs 23
1.7 Genetics 23
1.8 Electroencephalography and Imaging Techniques 24
1.8.1 Electroencephalography 24
1.8.2 X-Rays 24
1.8.3 Computed Tomography 24
1.8.4 Positron Emission Tomography 25
1.8.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 25
1.8.6 Functional MRI 25
1.9 Diagnostic Criteria for Mental Disorders 25
1.10 Animals Models for CNS Disorders 26
1.11 Summary 27
2 Parkinson's Disease 28
2.1 Overview 28
2.2 Historical Background 28
2.3 Epidemiology 29
2.4 Primary Clinical Features 29
2.5 Secondary Clinical Features 30
2.6 Parkinson's Disease and the Extrapyramidal System 31
2.7 Neurotransmission in the Extrapyramidal System and Parkinson's Disease 33
2.7.1 Modulation of the Direct and Indirect Pathways 35
2.8 Causes of Parkinson's Disease 36
2.8.1 Genes and Parkinson's Disease 37
2.8.2 Environmental Neurotoxins 39
2.8.3 Oxidative Stress 41
2.9 Summary 42
2.10 Pharmacotherapy for Parkinson's Disease 42
2.10.1 L-DOPA (L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine) 43
2.10.2 L-DOPA Treatment 44
2.10.3 Adverse Effects of L-DOPA 44
2.10.4 Adverse Effects after Long-Term Treatment 46
2.10.5 Alternative Formulations of L-DOPA and Other Pharmacological Agents 48
2.11 Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson' Disease and the Development of a New Hypothesis 53
2.12 Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Strategies for Treatment of Other Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease 55
2.13 Other Nonpharmacological Methods of Treating Parkinson's Disease 56
2.13.1 Lesions of the Globus Pallidus or Subthalamic Nucleus 56
2.13.2 Neurostimulation 57
2.13.3 Brain Grafts 57
2.14 Possible Future Strategies to Treat Parkinson's Disease 58
2.14.1 Stem Cell Therapy 58
2.14.2 Gene Therapy 58
2.15 Early Diagnosis for Treatment of Parkinson's Disease 59
2.16 Summary and Conclusions 59
3 Memory, Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease 61
3.1 Overview 61
3.2 Learning and Memory 61
3.2.1 Temporal Stages of Learning, Memory and Recall 62
3.2.2 Where are STM and LTM Stored in the Brain? 67
3.3 Overview of Dementia 69
3.4 Alzheimer's Disease (AD) 71
3.4.1 Clinical Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease 72
3.4.2 Neuropathological Changes 74
3.4.3 Molecular Pathology 74
3.4.4 Staging of Alzheimer's Disease 80
3.4.5 Onset of Alzheimer's Disease 80
3.4.6 Neurochemical Changes in Alzheimer's Disease 82
3.4.7 Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's Disease 85
3.4.8 Future Pharmacological Strategies in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease 88
3.4.9 Cardiovascular Disease 91
3.4.10 Conclusions 91
3.5 Summary 92
4 Epilepsy 93
4.1 Overview 93
4.2 Background 94
4.3 Classification and Types of Epilepsy 94
4.3.1 Focal Seizures 94
4.3.2 Generalized Seizures 95 4...