A critical review is attempted to assess the status of nanomedicine entry onto the market. The emergence of new potential therapeutic entities such as DNA and RNA fragments requires that these new "drugs" will need to be delivered in a cell-and organelle-specific manner. Although efforts have been made over the last 50 years or so to develop such delivery technology, no effective and above all clinically approved protocol for cell-specific drug delivery in humans exists as yet. Various particles, macromolecules, liposomes and most recently "nanomaterials" have been said to "show promise" but none of these promises have so far been "reduced" to human clinical practice.

The focus of this volume is on cancer indication since the majority of published research relates to this application; within that, we focus on solid tumors (solid malignancies). Our aim is critically to evaluate whether nanomaterials, both non-targeted and targeted to specific cells, could be of therapeutic benefit in clinical practice. The emphasis of this volume will be on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) in animal and human studies.

Apart from the case of exquisitely specific antibody-based drugs, the development of target-specific drug-carrier delivery systems has not yet been broadly successful at the clinical level. It can be argued that drugs generated using the conventional means of drug development (i.e., relying on facile biodistribution and activity after (preferably) oral administration) are not suitable for a target-specific delivery and would not benefit from such delivery even when a seemingly perfect delivery system is available. Therefore, successful development of site-selective drug delivery systems will need to include not only the development of suitable carriers, but also the development of drug entities that meet the required PK/PD profile.

Inhalt
1 Overview of present problems facing commercialization of nanomedicines, Ale Prokop and Volkmar Weissig.- 2 Precision medicine and site-specific drug delivery, Karel Petrák.- 3 Extracellular matrix degrading enzymes for nanocarrier-based anticancer therapy, Pablo Scodeller.- 4 Nanocarrier-based anticancer therapies with the focus on strategies for targeting the tumor microenvironment, Francisca Leonard and Biana Godin.- 5 New approach to minimize the MPS/RES uptake resulting a reduce toxic side effects of nanodrugs, Li Liu and Chien Ho.- 6 Authentic vascular and stromal structure in animal disease model for nanomedicine, Hiroshi Nishihara and Mitsunobu R Kano.- 7 Ligand-targeted nanocarriers with respect to their translation into the clinic, in particular in comparison with non-targeted nano-medicines, Roy Van der Meel, Laurens J.C. Vehmeijer, Robbert Jan Kok, Gert Storm, Ethlinn V.B. van Gaaland Gert Storm.- 8 Anti-angiogenic therapy by targeting the tumor vasculature with liposomes, Yu Sakurai and Hideyoshi Harashima.- 9 Accessing mitochondrial targets using nanocargos, Ru Wen, Afoma C. Umeano and Shanta Dhar.- 10 Redox-responsive nano-delivery systems  for cancer therapy, Amit Singh, Thanh-Huyen Tran and Mansoor M. Amiji.- 11 Nano-emulsions for drug delivery and biomedical imaging, Nicolas Anton, François Hallouard, Mohammed F. Attia  and Thierry F. Vandamme.- 12 The tumor microenvironment in nanoparticle delivery and the role of Imaging to navigate roadblocks and pathways, Dmitri Artemov and Zaver M Bhujwalla.- 13 Microscopic mass spectrometry for the precise design of drug delivery systems, Yasuhiro Matsumura and Masahiro Yasunaga.- 14 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nano-drug delivery systems, David Stepensky.- 15 Intracellular drug delivery in PBPK modelling though active and passive transport processes, Lars Kuepfer, Christoph Niederalt, Thomas Wendl, Jan-Frederil Schlender, Michael Block, Thomas Eissing, Donato Teutonic.- 16 Exploitingnanocarriers for combination cancer therapy, Yi Wen Kong, Erik C. Dreaden, Paula T. Hammond and Michael B. Yaffe.- 17 Commercialization of nanotechnology for medical applications, David W. Hobson.- Index