The purpose of the China Energy Technology Program (CETP) has been to take a holistic view of electricity generation in China with special emphasis on the economic and environmental impact of technology. The program is a collaborative effort involving industry, as leader and manager of the program; researchers from academia and national research institutes; and the stakeholders--users or planners of the electricity market. A power plant, no matter of what kind, is not a solitary unit, which may be considered independently from its environment. Modem society has been built on easy access to power; it is now asking for environmentally clean power. Clean power is the pathway that will lead to sustainability, an extension of the concept of an environmentally clean future. Progress toward a sustainable technical solution must include an evaluation of the environmental, economic, and societal impact of electrical power generation. To achieve the goals of the CETP program, we wanted to go beyond what had been done in similar programs in the past. Its organizers wanted the program not only to evaluate the overall impact of electricity generation, but also do it in such a way that program results could be applied and adapted to different circumstances, including countries other than China. For this purpose we have developed a methodology and presented it on a DVD disc, which the reader will find inside the back cover of this book. The methodology is conceived to allow insights into the function of the program on various levels.

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Preface. Foreword I. Foreword II. 1: Introduction. The AGS/ABB Collaboration. The CETP Story. The CETP Idea. A Living Program. The Structure Of The Program. An Idea For The Future. References. Notes. 2: General Description/Approach And Methodology. 1. General Description. 2. Shandong Province. 3. Operation Of CETP. 4. Components Of The Program. 5. Conclusion. References. 3: Data Collection And Database Development. 1. The Data Collection Task. 2. Database Development. Notes. 4: Demand Forecasting. 1. Geographic, Social, And Economic Characteristics. 2. Shandong's Energy Profile. 3. Goals And Methodology. 4. Scenario Construction. 5. Important Assumptions In Energy Demand Forecasting. 6. The Primary Sector. 7. The Industrial Sector. 8. Construction. 9. Transportation. 10. Services. 11. Households. 12. Evolution Of Electricity Consumption. 13. Assumptions D In Forecasting Electricity Demand In The Additional Scenarios. 14. Forecasting Results And Analysis. 15. Conclusions. References. 5: Energy Economy Modeling Scenarios For China And Shandong. 1. Introduction. 2. General Background About China And Shandong Province. 3. Energy And Economy Modeling (EEM) Approach. 4. Model Results: MARKAL. 5. CRETM For Both China And Shandong Province. 6. Integration Of Results. 7. Findings, Conclusions, And Recommendations. References. Notes. 6: Electric Sector Simulation: A Tradeoff Analysis Of Shandong Province's Electric Service Options. 1. Introduction. 2. Scenario-Based Multi-Attribute Tradeoff Analysis. 3. Electric Sector Simulation. 4. Overview Of The ESS Scenarios. 5. Shandong Uncertainties And Futures. 6. Shandong Options And Strategies. 7. The Reference Strategy And The Impact Of Growth And Fuel Cost Uncertainties. 8. Performance Of ESS Scenarios. 9. Extending The Range Of Options. 10. Encompassing Greater Uncertainties. 11. Conclusions. References. 7: Energy Transportation Modeling. 1. Introduction. 2. Model Description. 3. Scenario Analysis With ETM. 4. Concluding Remarks. References. 8: Life Cycle Assessment. 1. Introduction. 2. The Coal Chain. 3. The Natural Gas Chain. 4. The Nuclear Chain. 5. Wind Power. 6. Comparison Of Current And Future Energy Chains. 7. Sensitivity Analysis For The Energy Chains. 8. Analysis Of Scenarios Selected For The MCDA Task. 9. Conclusions. 10. Outlook. References. Notes. 9: Environmental Impact And External Cost Assessment. 1. Introduction. 2. Objectives, Scope And Sub-Tasks. 3. External Cost Assessment. 4. Acidification In China And Shandong. 5. Conclusions. References. Notes. 10: Assessment Of Severe Accident Risks. 1. Introduction. 2. Objectives And Scope. 3. Information Sources. 4. Evaluations For Specific Energy Chains. 5. Energy Chain Comparisons. 6. Conclusions. References. 11: Multicriteria Output Int