Technology, Manufacturing and Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Solar Cells

A unique guide to the most important technical aspects of photovoltaic power generation with comprehensive analysis and author industry-experience

• Unique from other books in the area in that it explains profound theories in simple language, introduces widely used production equipment and processes for industry professionals, and explains the complete PV industry chain from material to power generation

• Has originated from the author's practical industry experience, enabling the use of up-to-date information during this time of new development in the Chinese PV industry

• Content includes approximately 255 illustrations and 46 tables to help clarify complex theories.

Autorentext

GUANGYU WANG, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Klappentext
This book is a valuable guide to the most important technical aspects of photovoltaic power generation with comprehensive analysis and author industry experience. It discusses the most important technical aspects of the full chain of photovoltaic (PV) power generation, including the fundamentals of semiconductor photovoltaic power generation, solar cell fabrication process, solar module, array, and photovoltaic power grid-generating system, with particular emphasis on low cost solar cells and PV power-grid safety. Widely used production equipment and processes for the complete PV industry chain from materials to power generation are introduced in an accessible manner.

• Gives an accessible and comprehensive overview of the photovoltaic power generation chain
• Offers the author's practical industry experience during the rapid development of the Chinese PV industry, backed by up-to-date information and techniques
• Includes approximately 255 illustrations and 46 tables to help clarify complex theories
  Technology, Manufacturing and Grid Connection of Photovoltaic Solar Cells is an accessible and comprehensive guide for power engineers and professionals in the photovoltaic industry. Advanced students of electrical and power engineering, photovoltaics and renewable engineering will find it a practical introduction to the field.

Inhalt
About the Author xv

Preface xvii

1 Basic Physics of Solar Cells 1

1.1 Development of Solar Cells 1

1.1.1 Solar Energy Is the Most Promising Renewable Energy Source in the World 1

1.1.2 Development of Solar Cells 4

1.2 Solar Radiation and Air Mass 6

1.2.1 Conversion of Sunlight Into Electricity Using Photoelectric Effect Is an ImportantWay to Make Use of Solar Energy 6

1.2.2 Basics of Solar Radiation and Definition of Air Mass 6

1.2.3 Wavelength of Solar Radiation 7

1.3 Basics of Semiconductors 8

1.3.1 Communisation Motion of Electrons in a Crystalline and Formation of Energy Bands 9

1.3.2 Atomic Structures of Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors and Energy Bands Image 9

1.3.3 Energy Band Structure of Dope Semiconductor 10

1.3.4 Fermi Level 11

1.3.5 DirectionalMovement of Electrons and Holes 12

1.3.6 Generation and Recombination of Carriers 13

1.4 Light Absorption of Semiconductor Materials 14

1.4.1 Light Absorption of Semiconductor 14

1.4.2 Intrinsic and Non-Intrinsic Absorptions of Semiconductor Materials 15

1.4.3 Light Absorption Coefficient and Semiconductor Materials of Direct/Indirect Transition 16

1.5 P-N Junctions and PV Effect of Solar Cells 18

1.5.1 Bending of a P-N Junction Band and Formation of a Built-In Field 18

1.5.2 Effect of an External Voltage on the P-N Junction Band Structure 20

1.5.3 Effect of Solar Radiation on a P-N Junction's Band Structure and the PV Effect 20

1.5.4 Composition of the Photo-Generated Current in the Solar Cell 22

1.5.5 Key Parameters of the Solar Cell 24

1.5.5.1 I-V Characteristic Curve of a Solar Cell 24

1.5.5.2 Relations of the Open-Circuit Voltage and the Height of the P-N Junction Potential Barrier in a Solar Cell 24

1.5.5.3 Short-Circuit Current of a Solar Cell Isc 24

1.5.5.4 The Optimum Operation Point of Solar Cells, the Optimum Operation Voltage and Current 25

1.5.5.5 Filling Factor (FF) 26

1.5.5.6 Power Conversion Efficiency of a Solar Cell 26

1.5.5.7 Temperature Characteristics of a Solar Cell 27

1.5.6 Application of a Concentration Junction in a PV Cell for Back Surface Field (BSF) 27

1.5.7 Basic Structure of Homogeneous P-N Junction Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Analysis on the Cell's Efficiency 29

1.6 Solar Cells of Heterojunctions 32

1.6.1 Composition of Heterojunctions 32 1.6.2 Construction andWorking Principle of the Solar Cell with Heterojunctions 32

2 Materials of Solar Cells 35

2.1 Low-Cost Solar-Grade Polycrystalline Silicon 35

2.1.1 Polycrystalline SiliconThe Most Important Raw Material of the PV Industry 35

2.1.2 Meaning of Solar-Grade Polycrystalline Silicon 38

2.1.3 Preparation of Solar-Grade Polycrystalline Silicon (UMG Silicon) by MetallurgicalMethod 41

2.1.4 Preparation of Solar-Grade Polycrystalline Silicon by FBR Method 45

2.1.5 Preparation of Solar-Grade Polycrystalline Silicon by SiCl4 Zinc Reduction Method 45

2.1.6 Preparation of Solar-Grade Granular Polycrystalline Silicon by VLD Method 47

2.1.7 Hydrogenation of the Main By-Product SiCl4 Produced in the Production Process of Polycrystalline Silicon by the SiemensMethod 48

2.2 Casting Polycrystalline Silicon 49

2.2.1 General 49

2.2.2 Preparation Process of Casting Crystalline Silicon 50

2.2.3 Impurities and Defects in Casting Crystalline Silicon 54

2.2.3.1 Non-Metal Impurities in Casting Crystalline Silicon 54

2.2.3.2 Metal Impurities and Gettering in Casting Crystalline Silicon 56

2.2.3.3 Crystal Boundaries and Dislocations in Casting Crystalline Silicon 57

2.2.4 Latest Development of Casting Crystalline Silicon andWafers 58

2.2.4.1 Casting of Pseudo-Single Crystal 58

2.2.4.2 Continuous Output Improvement of Casting Crystalline Silicon Furnaces 59

2.3 CZ Monocrystalline Silicon 60

2.3.1 Heat Flow Continuity Equation of Grain Growth Interface and its Application 60

2.3.2 Heat Conduction in the Melt 62 2.3....