The human factors profession is currently attempting to take a more proactive role in the design of man-machine systems than has been character­ istic of its past. Realizing that human engineering contributions are needed well before the experimental evaluation of prototypes or operational systems, there is a concerted effort to develop tools that predict how humans will interact with proposed designs. This volume provides an over­ view of one category of such tools: mathematical models of human performance. It represents a collection of invited papers from a 1988 NATO Workshop. The Workshop was conceived and organized by NATO Research Study Group 9 (RSG.9) on "Modelling of Human Operator Behaviour in Weapon Systems". It represented the culmination of over five years of effort, and was attended by 139 persons from Europe, Canada, and the United States. RSG.9 was established in 1982 by Panel 8 of the Defence Research Group to accomplish the following objectives: Determine the utility and state of the art of human performance modelling. Encourage international research and the exchange of ideas. Foster the practical application of modelling research. Provide a bridge between the models and approaches adopted by engineers and behavioral scientists. * Present the findings in an international symposium.

Inhalt

Objectives and Organization of the Workshop.- Designers' Criteria for Choosing Human Performance Models.- Operator Workload for Military System Acquisition.- Workload Prediction, Diagnosis, and Continuing Challenges.- The Development and Application of Models to Predict Operator Workload During System Design.- W/INDEX: A Predictive Model of Operator Workload.- A Model for Performing System Performance Analysis in Predesign.- On the Modeling of Manual Control Tasks.- Models of Human Monitoring and Decision Making in Vehicle and Process Control.- Target Acquisition: Performance Measures, Process Models, and Design Implications.- Modelling of Auditory Masked Thresholds in Humans.- Dynamic Systems Analysis Programs with Classical and Optimal Control Applications of Human Performance Models.- The Optimal Control Model for Manually Controlled Systems.- Engineering-Based Approaches to Human Performance Modeling.- Micro SAINT - A Tool for Modeling Human Performance in Systems.- Analysis of a Procedure for Multiple Operator Task Performance on Submarines Using a Network Model.- Application of SLAM for Modeling and Analysing Pilot's Rule-Based Behavior on an Automated Landing Approach.- Models of Multitask Situations.- The Human Operator Simulator (HOS-IV).- Use of Crew Performance Models and the Development of Complementary Mathematical Techniques to Promote Efficient Use of Analytic Resources.- Systematic Modeling of Multioperator Systems to Evaluate Design Concepts.- Metacrew: Simulating Operator Teams in a Sensor Data Processing System.- A Survey of Ergonomic Models of Anthropometry, Human Biomechanics, and Operator-Equipment Interfaces.- Applications of SAMMIE and the Development of Man Modelling.- Use of Biomechanical Static Strength Models in Workspace Design.- Representation of Man Using CAD Technology: User Beware.- Task-Oriented Computer Animation of Human Figures.- SAFEWORK: Software to Analyse and Design Workplaces.- Selecting Learning Curve Models for Human Operator Performance.- Acquisition and Retention of Skills.- Human Performance Models for Training Design.- Forecasting Training Device Effectiveness Using ASTAR.- Normative and Descriptive Models for Training-System Design.- Human Performance Models and System Design.- Human Engineering Models: A User's Perspective.- Theory-Driven Design Research.- A Test of Criteria Used to Select Human Performance Models.- Wargaming: Applications of Human Performance Models to System Design and Military Training.- Appendix A: Participants.- Appendix B: Poster Presentations.