Lake and Reservoir Restoration

Lake and Reservoir Restoration deals with the eutrophication process and the methods to protect, restore, and manage lakes and reservoirs. The most common in-lake techniques or procedures, plus nutrient diversion, are reviewed with regard to their scientific basis, methods of application, known effectiveness, feasibility, drawbacks, and costs. Areas for further research and development are also highlighted.
This book is comprised of 16 chapters organized into four sections. After an introduction to the theory of the problem and the restoration technique, the discussion turns to the various restoration methods such as those used for physical and chemical control of nutrients. Diversion and advanced waste treatment, hypolimnetic withdrawal, and dilution and flushing are considered along with phosphorus precipitation and inactivation, sediment oxidation, sediment removal, and hypolimnetic aeration. Case studies and success stories are presented and the costs and potential negative impacts of the methods are examined. The following chapters focus on methods to control plant biomass, including artificial circulation, water-level drawdown, harvesting, biological control, and surface and sediment covers. A chapter on liming acidified lakes concludes this text.
This monograph will be useful to professional limnologists and engineers, on-site lake or reservoir managers, and those who are interested in learning about the problems and management of lakes and reservoirs.

Inhalt

Preface
I. Overview

1. Introduction
2. Limnology, Lake Diagnosis, and Selection of Restoration Methods
   Introduction
   Lakes and Reservoirs
   The Eutrophication Process
   Lake or Reservoir Evaluation
   Selection of Lake Restoration Alternatives
   The Lake Improvement-Restoration Plan
   II. Physical and Chemical Methods to Reduce Nutrient Concentrations
3. Advanced Treatment and Diversion of Wastewater and Stormwater
   Mechanisms
   Extent of Recovery Expected
   Case Studies
   Costs
   Further Treatment Following Diversion
   Needed Research
4. Hypolimnetic Withdrawal
   Case Studies
   General Considerations
5. Dilution and Flushing
   Theory and Predictions
   Case Studies
   General Applications and Precautions
   Summary
6. Phosphorus Precipitation and Inactivation
   The Reactions of Aluminum and Phosphorus in Lake Water
   Dose Determination and Application Techniques
   Case Studies
   Lake and Reservoir Pretreatment
   Negative Aspects
   Costs
   Needed Research
   Use of Fly Ash for Phosphorus Inactivation
7. Sediment Oxidation
   Equipment and Application Rates
   Case Studies
   Costs
   Related Effects
8. Sediment Removal
   Purposes of Sediment Removal
   Environmental Concerns
   Sediment Removal Depth
   Sediment Removal Techniques
   Suitable Lake Conditions
   Dredge Selection and Disposal Area Design
   Case Studies
   Costs
   Summary
9. Hypolimnetic Aeration
   Principle
   Sizing
   Case Studies
   Undesirable Side Effects
   Costs
   III. Procedures to Control Plant Biomass
10. Artificial Circulation
    Theoretical Effects of Circulation
    Devices and Air Quantities
    Costs
    Effects of Circulation on Tropic Indicators
    Undesirable Effects
    Summary and Recommendations
11. Water-level Drawdown
    Case Studies
    Responses of Aquatic Plants to Water-Level Drawdown
    Positive and Negative Factors
    Summary
12. Harvesting
    Objectives and Benefits of Aquatic Plant Control
    Descriptions of Mechanical Control Technologies
    Case Studies
    Summary of Costs
    Environmental Effects
    Control of Nutrient Levels
    Effectiveness
    Summary
13. Biological Controls
    Phytophagous Fish
    Cyanophages and Bacteria
    Plant Pathogens and Insects
    Biomanipulation
    Summary
14. Surface and Sediment Covers for Macrophyte Control
    Case Studies
    Sediment Covers-Summary
    Application Procedures for Sediment Covers
    Shading of Macrophytes with Surface Covers
    IV. Acidified Lakes
15. Liming Acidified Lakes
    Acidification of Lakes
    Ecological Effects
    Liming Practices
16. Summary and Conclusions
    Techniques with Demonstrated Effectiveness
    Techniques Requiring More Research and Demonstration
    Acidified Lakes
    Combinations of Lake Restoration Techniques
    Conclusion
    Index