Essentials of Industrial Pharmacy is an attempt to comprehensively present, in a single book, various pharmaceutical processes and equipment that are frequently used for production of pharmaceutical dosage forms, along with quality control tests of these dosage forms. Pictorial/graphical illustrations provide easier understanding of complex pharmaceutical concepts, manufacturing processes of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Since it is imperative for pharmacy students to have a clear understanding of the basic concepts used in development of drugs into suitable and stable dosage forms. This book offers a wealth of information regarding basic aspects of pharmaceutical processes and dosage forms, in a single book, for undergraduate pharmacy students or science students (with no pharmacy background) intended to work in the pharmaceutical Industry.

Autorentext

Dr. Saeed Ahmad Khan is an Associate Professor at the Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Pakistan and previously a lecturer at the Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Pakistan. Dr. Saeed Khan graduated in Pharmacy from University of Peshawar, Pakistan. He subsequently joined Abbott Laboratories (Pakistan) Limited, where he worked in solid and liquid dosage form manufacturing sections. He was a supervisor at Parke-Davis & Co. Ltd., Karachi Pakistan, for pharmaceutical production and quality management. He earned his M.S. in Chemical Engineering from Daegu University, South Korea and obtained a DAAD scholarship to pursue a Ph.D. at the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Marc Schneider, at Philipps University Marburg, Germany, where he excelled. He was awarded the prestigious FULBRIGHT fellowship for a one-year postdoc training under the supervision of Professor Robert O. Williams (Johnson & Johnson Centennial Chair in Pharmacy, Editor-in-Chief, AAPS PharmSciTech and Division Head) at Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Texas at Austin, USA. . He has published many peer reviewed articles in well reputed journals, has a patent and has presented sessions at international conferences.

Inhalt

Table of Contents 1 Drying1.1 Introduction1.2 Important Terms used in Drying Process1.3 The Drying Curve1.4 End Point Detection in Drying Process1.5 Selection of Industrial Dryers1.6 Classification of Dryers1.6.1 Classification on the basis of mode of energy input1.6.2 Classification on the basis of solid handling1.7 Reference 2 Mixing2.1 Introduction2.2 Mixer Selection 2.3 Mixing of liquids2.3.1 Batch type liquid mixing2.4 Mixing of Solids and Semisolids2.4.1 Principle of Solid Mixing2.4.2 Degree of Mixing2.4.3 Segregation of Powder (Demixing)2.4.4 Mechanism of Solid Mixing 2.4.5 Factors affecting solid mixing2.4.6 Equipments for Solid Mixing 2.4.7 Equipments for Mixing of Semi Solids2.6 References 3 Comminution3.1 Introduction 3.2 Importance of Particle Size 3.3 Mechanism of Size Reduction 3.4 Factors Affecting Size Reduction3.5 Particle Size Distribution 3.6 Particle Size Analysis3.6.1 Microscopy3.6.2 Sieving 3.6.3 Sedimentation 3.6.4 Conductivity Method 3.7 Size Reduction of Powder 3.7.1 Cutter mill 3.7.2 Hammer mill 3.7.3 Ball mill 3.7.4 Oscillating granulator3.7.5 Fluid Energy Mill3.7.6 Fitz mill 3.8 Size Reduction of Pharmaceutical Dispersions3.8.1 Agitators 3.8.2 Mechanical Mixers 3.8.4 Homogenizers3.8.5 Ultrasonic Devices3.9 Size Reduction in Semisolids3.9.1 Agitators3.9.2 Triple Roller mill3.9.3 Vacuum Emulsifying Mixers3.10 References 4 Filtration 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Factors Affecting Rate of Filtration 4.3 Mechanism of Filtration4.3 Filter Media 4.4 Filter Aid 4.5 Filtration Devices 4.5.1 Filter Leaf Assembly 4.5.2 Filter Press 4.5.3 Disc Filter Assembly 4.5.4 Rotary Drum Filter Assembly4.5.5 Bag Filter Assembly 4.5.6 Cartridge Filter Assembly 4.6 References 5 Pharmaceutical Packaging 5.1 Introduction5.2 Properties of Pharmaceutical Packaging5.3 Types of Packages 5.3.1 Primary Package 5.3.2 Secondary Package 5.3.3 Tertiary Package 5.4 Common Material for Pharmaceuticals Packaging 5.4.1 Metal 5.4.2 Glass 5.4.3 Plastic5.5 Common Packaging Techniques5.5 References 6 Oral Emulsion 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Types of Emulsions 6.3 Theory of Emulsification 6.4. Formulation Considerations of Emulsions6.4.1 Emulsion Type 6.4.2 Volume of the Internal Phase6.4.3 Droplet Size 6.4.4 Viscosity6.4.5 Preservation 6.4.6 Type and Concentration of Emulsifying Agents6.5 Emulsion Instability6.5.1 Cracking 6.5.2 Creaming and Sedimentation6.5.3 Phase Inversion6.6 Excipients Used in Emulsion 6.7 Industrial Manufacturing of Emulsions 6.8 References 7 Oral Suspensions7.1 Introduction 7.2 Dispersed Particles in a Medium 7.3 Formulation Considerations 7.3.1 Chemical Incompatibility 7.3.2 Particle size 7.3.3 Viscosity 7.3.4 Wetting 7.3.5 Mixing 7.3.6 Size reduction and Homogenization 7.3.7 Flocculation 7.3.8 Preservation 7.4 Industrial Scale Manufacturing of Suspension7.4.1 Direct Incorporation Method7.4.2 Precipitation Method 7.5 Stability Study of Pharmaceutical Suspensions 5.6 References 8 Tablets and Capsules 8.1 Tablet Dosage Form8.1.1 Excipients used in Tablets8.1.2 Techniques for Tablet Preparation 8.1.4 Tablet Compression Machines 8.1.5 Defects in Tablets and their Remedies 8.1.6 Tablet Coating 8.2 Capsule Dosage Form 8.2.1 Types of Capsules 8.3 References 9 Oral Inhalers 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Respiratory Tract 9.2.1 Macrostructure 9.2.2 Microstructure 9.3 Mechanism of Particle Deposition 9.3.1 Impaction 9.3.2 Sedimentation 9.3.3 Diffusion 9.4 Particle Engineering9.5 Analysis of Aerodynamic Particle Properties 9.6 Devices 9.6.1 Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers 9.6.2 Dry Powder Inhalers9.6.3 Soft Mist Inhaler (SMI) 9.6.4 Nebulizers 9.7 Choice of Inhaler 9.8 References 10 Topically Applied Products 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Structure of the Human Skin 10.3. Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery 10.3.1 Permeation Through the Skin 10.3.2 Dermal Drug Delivery (e.g., Ointments and Creams)10.3.3 Transdermal Patches10.3.4 Transdermal Microneedles 10.4 References 11 Sterile Products 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Parenteral Dosage Forms 11.2.1 Brief History of Parenterals 11.2.2 Types of Parenterals 11.2.3 Formulation Considerations for Parenterals11.2.4 Manufacturing of Parenterals 11.2.5 Sterilization of Parenteral Formulations 11.3 Sterile Ophthalmic Preparations 11.3.1 Anatomy of Eye 11.3.2 Topical Ophthalmic Products 11.4 Environmental Control for Sterile Manufacturing 11.4.1 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning System (HVAC) 11.4.2 Classification of Cleanroom11.4 References 12 Industrial Hazards 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Types of Industrial Hazards 12.2.1 Physical hazard 12.2.2 Chemical Hazards 12.2.3 Mechanical Hazard12.2.4 Psychosocial Hazards 12.3 References 13 Modified Release Drug Delivery Systems13.1 Introduction 13.2 Types of Modified Release Dosage Forms 13.2.1 Sustained Release Drug Delivery Systems 13.2.2. Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery Systems 13.3 References 14 Novel Drug Delivery System 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Targeted Drug Delivery 14.2.1 Passive Targeting 14.2.2 Active Targeting 14.3 Nanopharmaceuticals 14.3.1 Organic nanoparticles14.3.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles 14.4 References 15 Polymer for Biomedical Applications15.1 Introduction 15.2. Classification of Polymers 15.2.1 Biodegradable Polymers 15.2.2 Application of Biodegradable Polymers15.3 References 16 Biotechnology Based Drugs 16.1 Introduction 16.2 DNA Replication 16.2.1 Transcription 16.2.2 Translation 16.3 Recombinant DNA Technology 16.3.1 DNA Transfer 16.3.2 DNA sources 16.3.3 Production by Recombinant DNA Technology16.4 Specific DNA Techniques 16.4.1 PCR Technology 16.4.2 DNA Hybridization 16.4.3 DNA and Genome Sequencing 16.4.4 Cell Cultures 16.5 Protein Engineering 16.5.1 Post-Translational Engineering 16.5.2 Synthetic Biology16.6 Gene Therapy 16.7 Protein Therapy 16.7.1 Oligonucleotides16.7.2 Antise…