Inhalt

1 Introduction to Fades Analysis.- 1.1 The Microfacies Concept.- 1.2 Methods of Facies Analysis.- 1.2.1 Fieldwork.- 1.2.2 Sampling.- 1.2.2.1 Selection and Number of Samples.- 1.2.2.2 Size and Orientation of Samples.- 1.2.3 Laboratory Work.- 1.2.3.1 Thin-Sections.- 1.2.3.2 Peels.- 1.2.3.3 Staining and Acid Etching.- 1.2.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy.- 1.3 References.- 1.3.1 References: Microfacies Concept.- 1.3.2 References: Methods of Facies Analysis.- 1.3.2.1 References: Fieldwork.- 1.3.2.2 References: Sampling.- 1.3.2.3 References: Laboratory Work.- 1.3.3 References: Sedimentary Structures in Carbonate Rocks.- 1.4 Supplementary Reading.- 1.4.1 Annotated Bibliography: Methods and Interpretation of Facies Analysis.- 1.4.2 Journals.- 2 Recent Carbonate Sedimentation.- 2.1 Carbonate Mineralogy.- 2.2 Carbonate Sedimentation in Marine Environments.- 2.2.1 Principles of Oceanographic Classification.- 2.2.2 Eulittoral Shallow-Water Sedimentation.- 2.2.3 Sublittoral Carbonate Sedimentation.- 2.2.4 Deep-Sea Carbonates.- 2.3 Lacustrine and Terrestrial Carbonate Sedimentation.- 2.3.1 Lacustrine Carbonates.- 2.3.2 Terrestrial Carbonates.- 2.3.2.1 Freshwater Limestones.- 2.3.2.2 Caliche (Calcrete).- 2.3.2.3 Cave Carbonates (Speleothems).- 2.3.2.4 Eolian Carbonates.- 2.4 References: Recent Carbonate Sedimentation.- 2.4.1 References: Marine Carbonates.- 2.4.2 References: Lacustrine and Terrestrial Carbonates.- 3 Carbonate Diagenesis.- 3.1 Diagenetic Environments. Classification of Diagenetic Processes.- 3.2 Carbonate Destruction.- 3.3 Cementation.- 3.3.1 Terminology of Cement Types.- 3.3.2 Cementation Phases.- 3.3.3 Carbonate Cement Fabrics as Facies Criteria.- 3.4 Sparite and Microsparite Terminology.- 3.4.1 Differentiation of Orthosparite and Pseudosparite.- 3.4.2 Descriptive Code for Orthosparite and Pseudosparite.- 3.5 Lithification of Lime Mud.- 3.6 Compaction.- 3.7 Stylolites.- 3.8 Calcite Veins.- 3.9 References: Carbonate Diagenesis.- 4 Microfacies Characteristics.- 4.1 "Groundmass" and Particles.- 4.1.1 Recent Carbonate Grains.- 4.1.2 Micrite.- 4.1.3 Limestone Particles.- 4.1.3.1 Skeletal Grains.- 4.1.3.2 Peloids.- 4.1.3.3 Aggregate Grains.- 4.1.3.4 Oncoids.- 4.1.3.5 Ooids.- 4.1.3.6 Pisoids.- 4.1.3.7 Coated Grains (Cortoids).- 4.1.3.8 Intraclasts and Extraclasts.- 4.1.4 Terrigenous Particles.- 4.1.5 Authigenic Minerals.- 4.1.6 Notes on the Differentiation of Particles.- 4.1.7 References: Groundmass and Particles.- 4.1.7.1 References: Micrite.- 4.1.7.2 References: Limestone Particles.- 4.1.7.3 References: Authigenic Minerals in Carbonate Rocks.- 4.2 Textural and Structural Criteria.- 4.2.1 Grain-Size Analyses.- 4.2.1.1 Methods and Examples.- 4.2.1.2 Annotated Bibliography: Grain-Size Analyses.- 4.2.2 Morphometric Criteria.- 4.2.2.1 Methods and Examples.- 4.2.2.2 References: Morphometric Criteria.- 4.2.3 Fabrics.- 4.2.3.1 Orientation and Packing of Particles.- 4.2.3.2 Graded Bedding.- 4.2.3.3 Lamination.- 4.2.3.4 Bioturbation Fabrics.- 4.2.3.5 Open-Space Structures and Fenestral Fabrics.- 4.2.3.6 Nodular Structures.- 4.2.3.7 Discontinuity Structures.- 4.2.3.8 Fissure Fillings (Neptunian Dikes).- 4.2.3.9 Geopetal Fabrics (Top and Bottom Structures).- 4.2.4 References: Limestone Fabrics.- 4.2.4.1 References: Orientation and Packing of Particles.- 4.2.4.2 References: Graded Bedding.- 4.2.4.3 References: Lamination.- 4.2.4.4 References: Bioturbation.- 4.2.4.5 References: Open-Space Structures.- 4.2.4.6 References: Nodular Structures.- 4.2.4.7 References: Discontinuities and Fissure Fillings.- 4.2.4.8 References: Geopetal Fabrics.- 4.3 Frequency Analysis (Constituent Analysis).- 4.3.1 Methods and Examples.- 4.3.2 References: Frequency Analysis.- 5 Fossils in Thin-Sections.- 5.1 General Survey.- 5.2 Key to Identification.- 5.3 Selected Groups of Organisms.- 5.3.1 Foraminifera (with References).- 5.3.2 Radiolaria (with References).- 5.3.3 Calpionellids (with References).- 5.3.4 Sponges (with References).- 5.3.5 Stromatoporoids, Tabulozoans, Hydrozoans (with References).- 5.3.6 Corals (with References).- 5.3.7 Bryozoans (with References).- 5.3.8 Shells of Brachiopods, Mollusks, and Serpulids (with References).- 5.3.9 Trilobites (with References).- 5.3.10 Ostracods (with References).- 5.3.11 Echinoderms (with References).- 5.3.12 Calcareous Algae.- 5.3.12.1 Classification.- 5.3.12.2 Mode of Calcification and Morphology.- 5.3.12.3 Ecological Factors.- 5.3.12.4 Algae and Carbonate Sedimentation.- 5.3.12.5 Biostratigraphic Significance.- 5.3.12.6 Key to Identification of the Major Groups of Calcareous Algae.- 5.3.12.7 Supplementary Reading: Calcareous Algae.- 5.3.13 Microproblematica (with References).- 5.4 Microfacies Zones (with References).- 5.5 Annotated Bibliography: Microfacies Monographs.- 6 Classifications of Carbonate Rocks.- 6.1 Principles of Classification.- 6.2 Systems of Classification.- 6.2.1 Folk Classification (1959, 1962).- 6.2.2 Dunham Classification (1962).- 6.2.3 Classifications of Leighton and Pendexter (1962), Bissell and Chilingar (1967), and Füchtbauer (1974).- 6.2.4 Energy Index Classification (Plumley et al., 1962).- 6.3 Discussion and Examples.- 6.4 References: Classification of Carbonate Rocks.- 7 Microfacies Types.- 7.1 Prerequisites.- 7.2 Qualitative Categorization.- 7.3 Quantitative Categorization.- 7.3.1 Statistical Methods.- 7.3.2 Annotated Bibliography: Multivariate Facies Analysis.- 7.4 Checklist for Microfacies Studies.- 8 Standard Microfacies Types.- 8.1 Principles.- 8.2 SMF Types.- 8.3 SMF Types and Facies Belts.- 8.4 Discussion and Examples.- 8.5 References: Standard Microfacies Types.- 9 Complementary Methods.- 9.1 Relationship Between Microfacies and Geochemical Criteria.- 9.1.1 Insoluble Residues of Carbonate Rocks.- 9.1.1.1 Amount of Clastic Material.- 9.1.1.2 Mineralogical Composition of Residues.- 9.1.2 Trace Elements.- 9.1.3 Stable Isotopes.- 9.1.4 References: Isotopes.- 9.1.5 References: Geochemistry of Carbonate Rocks.- 9.2 Relationship Between Microfacies and Physical Criteria.- 9.2.1 Facies-Controlled Porosity in Carbonate Rocks.- 9.2.1.1 Basic Porosity Types.- 9.2.1.2 Examples.- 9.2.2 Carbonate Rock Type and Log Response.- 9.2.3 Microfacies and Technological Properties of Carbonate Rocks.- 9.3 Relationship Between Microfacies and Chemism of Carbonate Rocks.- 9.4 References: Physical and Technological Criteria of Limestones.- 10 Facies Diagnosis and Facies Models.- 10.1 Diagnosis of Environmental Factors.- 10.1.1 Water Energy and Oxygen Supply.- 10.1.2 Terrigenous Influx and Indications of Coastlines.- 10.1.3 Light Penetration and Water Depth; Subaquatic and Subaerial Environments.- 10.1.4 Salinity.- 10.1.5 Temperature.- 10.1.6 Substrate.- 10.1.7 Continuous and Discontinuous Sedimentation.- 10.1.8 References: Environmental Factors.- 10.2 Facies Criteria.- 10.2.1 Non-Marine Environments.- 10.2.2 Marginal Marine and Shallow Marine Environments.- 10.2.3 Reef Complexes.- 10.2.4 Deep-Marine Environments.- 10.2.4.1 Pelagic Carbonates.- 10.2.4.2 Allochthonous Carbonate Deposits in Deeper-Marine Environments.- 10.2.5 References: Facies Criteria.- 10.3 Facies Models.- 10.3.1 Principles of Facies Models.- 10.3.2 Shelf - Shelf Margin - Basin: The Wilson Model.- 10.3.3 Carbonate Platforms.- 10.3.4 Shallow Shelf Environment Without Terrigenous Influx: The Irwin-Lees Model.- 10.3.5 Shelf Margins.- 10.3.6 Reefs.- 10.3.7 Mud Mounds.- 10.3.8 Slope Deposits and Deep-Sea Sediments.- 10.3.9 References: Facies Models.- 11 Case Histories.- 11.1 Lacustrine Carbonates: Miocene Lake Deposits of the Ries, Southern Germany.- 11.2 Arid Carbonate Shorelines and Evaporites: Miocene of the Gulf of Suez Region, Egypt.- 11.3 Inner Shelf Carbonate Platform: Upper Jurassic of Karaburun, Western Anatolia.- 11.4 Outer Shelf Carbonate Platform: Upper Jurassic Sulzfluh Limestone, Graubünden, Switzerland.- 11.5 Ecologic Reefs: Upper Triassic Dachstein Reef Limestones of the Northern Alps, Austria.- 11.6 Stratigraphie Reefs: Lower Permian Tr…