The presence of xenobiotics in the aquatic environment is seen as one of the biggest challenges for a sustainable water future. Thus, there is a need to understand, in an integrated manner, the sources, flow paths, fate and effects of xenobiotics in the urban water cycle.

This book is an authoritative and comprehensive reference source covering:

-occurrence, sources and fluxes of xenobiotics in urban waters

-processes concerning the fate and transport of xenobiotics, mass flows and transformation products

-mitigation, treatment methods and systems for the removal of xenobiotics

-risk assessment methodologies and risk management

-information on source control and mitigation measures

The book contains a wealth of information on some of the compounds most frequently found in urban water systems, and of special interest will be the chapters dealing with compounds that have only recently been investigated, such as illicit drugs, scents, and toxins.

The book will be of interest to researchers, practitioners, municipal authorities, and international policy-makers.

Autorentext

Despo Fatta-Kassinos received her Diploma in Chemical Engineering from the National Technical University of Athens, Greece and her M.Sc. in Environmental Management from the European Association for Environmental Management and Education (University of Athens, Greece Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy). She received her Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the National Technical University of Athens, Greece. She is a faculty member of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus since 2003. She is the head of GAIA, Laboratory of Environmental Engineering where a number of scientific projects related to the treatment of xenobiotic compounds in aqueous matrices are being realised. She is a reviewer for several national and European funding bodies. Her principal research interests are in the field of water and wastewater treatment systems, monitoring of environmental pollution and environmental risk assessment. The main focus of her research is the development of advanced oxidation and other combined processes for the treatment of wastewater intended for reuse applications.

Kai Bester studied Chemistry and got his diploma (masters) degree from Hamburg University. He finished his PhD in Marine Environmental and Analytical Chemistry at Hamburg University 1995. Kai Bester worked as scientists at RWTH Aachen, EU Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (EC-JRC-IRMM) Geel, Belgium and University of Duisburg Essen. He achieved Habilitation in 2005 at the university Duisburg Essen. He is currently working at Aalborg University section for Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering as well as Institute for Environmental Analytical Chemistry University Duisburg-Essen. His main focus is fate and effect of xenobiotic compounds (personal care compounds, bactericides, pharmaceuticals, biocides, flame retardants etc.) in aquatic ecosystems and technical applications.

Klaus Kümmererstudied chemistry in Würzburg and Tübingen. He received his Diploma in Chemistry and a PhD in Environmental and Analytical Chemistry from the University of Tübingen. He was head of the Chemistry Department at the Institute of Applied Ecology in Freiburg before he joined the University of Freiburg where he is currently head of the Section of Applied Environmental Research at the Department of Environmental Health Sciences of the Medical Centre Freiburg. In 1999 he became an Associate Professor in 2002 he was appointed Professor. He was visiting professor at the Case Western reserve University and has on going co-operations with researchers in Brazil, USA and several European countries. He was reviewer for several international funding bodies and is on board of several national and international committees and the editorial board of several scientific journals. He began research into xenobiotics in the water cycle in 1986 with a focus on pharmaceuticals, disinfectants and diagnostics since 1992. Other main fields of research are sustainable chemistry and sustainable pharmacy, benign chemicals and structure activity relationships

Zusammenfassung
The history of chemistry and pharmaceutical sciences is an impressive success story. The products of chemical and pharmaceutical industries are present eve- where in our everyday life. They help to pursue the modern way of living and they contribute to our high standard of living and safety, mobility, communication te- nologies, food, health, textiles and drinking water treatment, among many others. These products are labeled under the categories: pharmaceuticals, pesticides, det- gents, fertilizers, dyes, paints, preservatives, food additives and personal care pr- ucts, to name a few. Within these categories, groups of chemicals with similar structures can be found. However, often groups of chemicals with very different structures belong to the same category. For a long time the production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals, their usage and application was connected with the heavy pollution of the environment and serious health effects. At the end of the last century, it was realised that the products of che- cal and pharmaceutical industries are presenting a new type of environmental pol- tion that may also pose a health risk to the consumer. Most chemicals are used in so-called open applications in excessive amounts e. g. for personal care, hygiene, plant protection, health and in textiles. In many cases such as scents, detergents, textile chemicals, surface disinfectants, pesticides and others it is unavoidable that these chemicals are released into the environment according to their intended use.

Inhalt
Occurrence Concentrations, Sources and Fluxes of Xenobiotics in Urban Waters.- Quantitative Mass Flows of Selected Xenobiotics in Urban Waters and Waste Water Treatment Plants.- Identifying and Classifying the Sources and Uses of Xenobiotics in Urban Environments.- Illicit Drugs in the Urban Water Cycle.- Precious Metals in Urban Aquatic Systems: Platinum, Palladium and Rhodium: Sources, Occurrence, Bioavailability and Effects.- Fate and Effects of Little Investigated Scents in the Aquatic Environment.- Sources and Occurrence of Cyanotoxins Worldwide.- Occurrence and Measurements of Organic Xenobiotic Compounds in Harbour and Coastal Sediments.- Determination of Sources and Emissions of Persistent Organic Contaminants by Means of Sewage Sludge: Results from a Monitoring Network.- Fate, Effects and Risks of Xenobiotics in Urban Waters.- Metabolic and Co-metabolic Degradation of Industrially Important Chlorinated Organics Under Aerobic Conditions.- Photochemical Transformation of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment: Reaction Pathways and Intermediates.- The Challenge of the Identification and Quantification of Transformation Products in the Aquatic Environment Using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry.- Transport and Fate of Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle: Studies in Halle/Saale and Leipzig (Germany).- Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Urban Water Cycles: A Discussion of Novel Concepts for Environmental Risk Assessment.- Hydroxy Benzoate Preservatives (Parabens) in the Environment: Data for Environmental Toxicity Assessment.- Treatment Methods.- Efficiency of Removal of Compounds with Estrogenic Activity During Wastewater Treatment: Effects of Various Removal Techniques.- Criteria for Designing Sewage Treatment Plants for Enhanced Removal of Organic Micropollutants.- Xenobiotics Removal by Membrane Technology: An Overview.- Membrane BioReactors: A Cost-Effective Solution to Enhance the Removal of Xenobiotics from Urban Wastewaters?.- Removal of Xenobiotics from Wastewater in Sequencing Batch Reactors: Conventional and Two-Phase Configurations.- Fate and Occurrence of Surfactants-Derived Alkylphenolic Compounds in Conventional and Membrane Bi…