A NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Demand-Side Management and Electricity End-Use Efficiency" was held in order to present and to discuss some of the most recent developments in demand-side electric power management and planning methodologies as well as research progress in relevant end-use technologies. Electricity is assuming an increasingly important role in buildings and industry, due to its flexibility, efficiency of conversion and cleanliness at the point of use. However the production and transmission of electricity requires huge investments and may have undesirable environmental impacts. The recent nuclear accident in Chernobyl and the damage caused by acid precipitation are creating increasing concerns about the impacts of power plants. Some environmental problems are local or regional, others such as global warming can affect the whole world. Although environmental impacts may be minimized with additional investments, electricity generation will become even more capital intensive. Energy, and electricity in particular, is not directly consumed by people. To achieve improved standards of living, what is important is. the level of production of goods and services. If it is possible to produce the same quantity of goods and services with less electricity and in a cost-effective way, substantial benefits can be gained. By reducing costs, electricity efficiency can raise the standards of living and increase the competitiveness of an economy. Electricity efficiency also leads to reduced requirements in power plant operation, thus leading to reduced consumption of primary energy supplies and a higher quality environment.

Inhalt

I. Electricity: Trends and the Impact of Efficiency.- Electricity - The Political and Economic Context.- The Successes of Conservation.- Changing Patterns of Electricity Demand in Homes: An International Overview.- Power System Planning for the Next 20 Years.- II. Load Management Technologies and Programs.- The Concept of Demand-Side Management.- Load Management Technologies and Programs in the U.S.- Energy Management Systems.- Cool Storage in Commercial Buildings: Efficient and Cost-Effective Technology.- III. Prices and Metering.- Smart Meters.- Application and Potential of ACCET's (A Communication Customer Electronic Terminal).- Marginal Cost Pricing: An Efficient Tool to Ensure Electricity Demand Side Management.- A Spot Price Based Energy Marketplace.- Deregulation and Wheeling.- IV. Cogeneration.- Cogeneration Principles and Practices and a European Overview.- V. End-Use Technologies.- V.1MotorsandControls.- Electromechanical Energy Conversion by Controlled Electrical Drives.- Developments, Applications and Cost-Effectiveness of Variable Speed AC Drives.- Use of Electronic Adjustable Speed Drives in Commercial Buildings.- V.2Lighting.- Present-Day Light Sources.- From Light Source to Lighting Unit.- V.3IndustrialProcesses.- The Development of New Efficient Electricity End-Use Equipment and Processes in the French Industry.- Advances in Electrical Drying.- Electricity Savings in Refrigeration Processes.- V.4HeatPumps.- Heat Pumps - Basic Principles.- Application of Heat Pumps.- Research and Development in the Area of Heat Pump Technology.- V.5HVACSystems.- Design of Efficient HVAC Systems.- V.6HomeAppliances.- Technology Developments in Home Appliances.- Low Electricity Household for the Future.- Affordability and Pleasure: The Lessons from Low Energy Housing.- VI. Standards and Policies.- The Impact of Building Energy Standards on Energy Use and Demand.- Energy Targets: An Innovative Approach to Building Energy Standards.- Energy and Economic Savings from National Appliance Efficiency Standards in the U.S.- Sociological and Psychological Barriers to Electricity Savings.- The Political and Economic Implications of an Intensive Electricity Conservation Programme.- International and National Approaches to End-Use Technology Development.- VII. Case Studies.- Electricity Conservation in Brazil: Potential and Progress.- Electricity Conservation in Developing Countries - A Case Study for Pakistan.- Potentials for Technical Electricity Savings Using Known Technology.- Electricity Conservation in Japan.- The Potential for Residential Electricity Conservation in the U.S.: The PG&E Case Study.- The Potential for Electrical Efficiency in the Residential Sector Case Study Michigan, USA.