A description of both the theory and practice of physical measurements that use high-sensitivity moiré - principally moiré interferometry. The focus here is on the mechanics and micromechanics of materials and structural elements and the book includes new studies published for the first time. Diverse fields are addressed: advanced composite materials, thermal stresses, electronic packaging, fracture, metallurgy, time-dependence, strain gage calibration. All the methods can be applied for whole-field measurements on nearly and solid bodies. This reader-friendly book will serve engineers and scientists who are concerned with measurements of real phenomena, while also stimulating students to pursue the treasures of experimental analysis.

Inhalt

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Our Subject.- 1.2 Scope and Style.- 1.3 History.- 1.4 Comment on Exercises.- 1.5 References.- I.- 2 Elements of Optics.- 2.1 The Nature of Light.- . More Details.- . Metallic Reflection.- . Dielectric Reflection.- . Refraction.- 2.2 Optical Elements.- . Light Sources.- . Wedges, Prisms, Mirrors.- . Partial Mirrors.- . Antireflection Coatings.- . Lenses.- . Laser-beam Expander, Spatial Filter, Optical Fibers.- . Parabolic Mirrors.- 2.3 Coherent Superposition.- . Pure Two-beam Interference.- . Conservation of Energy.- . Impure Two-beam Interference.- . Fringe Patterns and Walls of Interference.- . Warped Wave Fronts.- . The Camera.- . Two-beam Interferometers.- . Derivation of the Interference Equations.- . Interference with Broad Spectrum Light.- 2.4 Superposition of Incoherent Light Waves.- 2.5 Diffraction Gratings and Diffraction.- . Wave Fronts and Optical Path Lengths.- . Equivalency and Virtual Gratings.- . Self-imaging of Gratings.- 2.6 References.- 2.7 Key Relationships.- 2.8 Exercises.- 3 Geometric Moiré.- 3.1 Basic Features of Moiré.- . Gratings, Fringes, Visibility.- . Intensity Distribution.- . Multiplicative and Additive Intensities.- . Pure Rotation and Extension.- . Moiré Fringes as Parametric Curves.- . Fringe Vectors.- . Amplification by Moire.- . Fringe Sharpening and Multiplication.- . Circular Gratings.- 3.2 In-plane Displacements of a Deformed Body.- . Physical Concepts, Absolute Displacements.- . Practical Example, Relative Displacements.- . Mismatch Fringes (Carrier Fringes).- . Fringe Shifting.- 3.3 Out-of-plane Displacements.- . Shadow Moiré.- . Projection Moiré.- . Comparison.- 3.4 References.- 3.5 Key Relationships.- 3.6 Exercises.- 4 Moiré Interferometry.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 A More Rigorous Explanation.- 4.3 Mathematical Analysis.- . Implications of the Analysis.- 4.4 The Virtual Reference Grating Concept.- 4.5 Theoretical Limit.- 4.6 Sensitivity and Resolution.- 4.7 Optical Systems for Moiré Interferometry.- . Alignment.- . Size of Field.- . Environmental Concerns: Air Currents.- . Vibrations, Optical Tables.- . Loading Fixtures.- . Two-beam Systems.- . Four-beam Systems.- . Achromatic Systems.- . Three-beam Interferometer.- . ±45° Gratings.- 4.8 Transmission Systems.- 4.9 Specimen Gratings.- . Replication.- . The Mold.- . Alignment of Specimen Gratings.- . Curved Surfaces.- . Zero-thickness Gratings and High-temperature Gratings.- 4.10 Fringe Counting.- . Sign of Fringe Gradient: Experimental Method.- 4.11 Strain Analysis.- 4.12 In-plane Rigid-body Rotations.- 4.13 Carrier Fringes.- 4.14 Fringe Vectors.- 4.15 Anomalies and Subtraction of Uniform Gradients.- 4.16 Two-body Problems, Bridges.- 4.17 Coping with the Initial Field.- 4.18 Optical Filtering.- 4.19 Sensitivity to Out-of-plane Motion.- . Black Holes and Out-of-Plane Slopes.- 4.20 Coping with Vibrations.- 4.21 Variations of Moiré Interferometry.- . Replication of Deformed Specimen Gratings.- . Replication for Thermal Strains.- . Moiré Fringe Multiplication.- . Multiplication by One.- 4.22 Mechanical Differentiation.- 4.23 Comments on Data Analysis.- 4.24 Shear Lag and the Thickness of Specimen Gratings.- 4.25 References.- 4.26 Key Relationships.- 4.27 Exercises.- 5 Microscopic Moiré Interferometry: Very High Sensitivity.- 5.1 Introduction.- . Scope and Summary.- 5.2 The Immersion Interferometer.- . Sensitivity in a Refractive Medium.- . Optical Configurations.- . Four-beam Immersion Interferometer.- 5.3 Optical/Digital Fringe Multiplication.- . Fringe Shifting.- . Fringe Sharpening and Multiplication: Physical Analysis.- . Mathematical Analysis.- . Implications of the Analyses.- 5.4 Shear Lag and Grating Thickness.- 5.5 References.- 5.6 Exercises.- 6 On the Limits of Moiré Interferometry.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Warped Wave Front Model.- 6.3 Fourier Wave Front Model.- 6.4 Strain Fields.- 6.5 Boundary Effects, Discontinuities.- 6.6 Spatial Resolution.- 6.7 Displacement Resolution.- 6.8 Strain and Gage Length.- . Strain Resolution.- 6.9 Dynamic Range.- 6.10 Absolute Accuracy.- 6.11 Summary.- 6.12 References.- II.- 7 Laminated Composites in Compression: Free-edge Effects.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 In-plane Compression, Quasi-isotropic Specimen.- . Carrier Fringes.- 7.3 In-plane Compression, Cross-ply Specimen.- 7.4 Interlaminar Compression, Quasi-isotropic Specimen.- 7.5 Interlaminar Compression, Cross-ply Specimen.- . Out-of-plane Displacements.- . Normal Strains ex, Microscopic Study.- 7.6 References.- 7.7 Exercises.- 8 Thermal Stresses Near the Interface of a Bimaterial Joint.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 The Experiments.- . Experimental Method.- . Relationships and Notation.- . Elevated Temperature Replication.- . Extracting the Coefficients of Expansion.- 8.3 Stress Analysis.- . ?y within the Interface Zone.- 8.4 Experiments by Microscopic Moiré Interferometry.- 8.5 Comments.- 8.6 References.- 8.7 Exercises.- 9 Textile Composites.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Woven Textile Composites.- . Data Reduction and Results.- 9.3 Braided Textile Composites.- 9.4 Open Hole Tension.- 9.5 Compact Moiré Interferometer.- 9.6 References.- 9.7 Exercises.- 10 Thermal Deformations in Electronic Packaging.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Grating Replication.- 10.3 Controlled-Collapse Chip Connection (C4).- . Ceramic Chip Carrier.- . Organic Chip Carrier.- 10.4 Solder Ball Connection.- 10.5 Low Temperature Application.- . Replication of Deformed Grating.- 10.6 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion.- 10.7 References.- 10.8 Exercises.- 11 Advanced Composites Studies.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Ceramic Composites.- . Delamination of Specimen Gratings.- 11.3 Creep.- 11.4 Metal-Matrix Composite.- 11.5 Residual Stresses.- 11.6 Thermal Strains, Residual Strains.- . Micromechanics:.- . Thermal Deformation of Boron/Aluminum.- 11.7 Simulation.- 11.8 Wavy Plies.- 11.9 References.- 11.10 Exercises.- 12 Metallurgy, Fracture, Dynamic Loading.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Metallurgy.- . Elastic-plastic Joint.- . Weld Defects.- . Micromechanics: Grain Deformations.- . Tube-plate Joints.- 12.3 Fracture.- . Plastic Wake, Damage Wake.- . The J Integral.- . Micromechanics: Crack Arrest.- . Interior Strains, Stress Freezing.- 12.4 Dynamic Moiré Interferometry.- . Equipment.- . Wave Propagation in a Composite Laminate.- 12.5 References.- 12.6 Exercises.- 13 Strain Standard for Calibration of Electrical Strain Gages.- 13.1 Introduction.- . The Calibration Factor.- 13.2 The Specimen Grating.- 13.3 Apparatus and Basic Procedure.- . The Interferometer.- . Experimental Procedure: Basic Description.- . The Optical System.- 13.4 Tuning the Optical System.- . Symmetry.- . Circulation.- . Specimen Plane.- . Collimation.- 13.5 Mechanical Systems.- . Method of Attachment.- . Fringe Shifting Device.- . Beam Deflection Device.- 13.6 Calibration of the Specimen Grating.- 13.7 Strain Gage Instrumentation.- 13.8 Systematic Errors, Uncertainties.- . Additional Considerations.- 13.9 The Experiment: Data Sequence, Computations and Results.- 13.10 Accuracy.- 13.11 Gage Factor Measurements.- 13.12 Future Refinements.- 13.13 References.- 13.14 Exercises.- Appendices.- A Shadow Moiré with Enhanced Sensitivity.- A.1 Introduction.- A.2 Shadow Moiré with O/DFM.- A.3 In-plane Geom…