Trace Elements in Coal

Trace Elements in Coal focuses on the compositions, reactions, and properties of trace elements in coal.
The book first discusses the origin of trace elements in coal. The formation of peat; geological and geochemical aspects of coal seams; geology of Australian coals; constitution of coal; history of trace elements in coal; and coal mining in Australia are discussed. The text also clarifies the mode of occurrence of trace elements in coal. The identification of minerals in coal; silicon-rich minerals; carbonate minerals; sulfide minerals; lignites and brown coals; and phosphates are discussed.
The book then underscores the methods of analysis. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry; atomic absorption spectrometry; spark source mass spectrometry; and neuron activation analysis are described. The text also focuses on the contents of trace elements in coal; comparisons of coal with shale and soil; relationship of radioactivity and coal; and relevance of trace elements in coal.
The book is a good source of data for readers wanting to study the trace elements in coal.

Inhalt

Preface
List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Relevant Books and Reviews
1.2 Background Information on Coal Areas
1.3 Geochemical Cycling
2 Origin of Trace Elements in Coal
2.1 The Formation of Peat
2.2 Geological and Geochemical Aspects of Coal Seams
2.3 Geology of Australian Coals
2.4 Coal Mining in Australia
2.5 The constitution of Coal
2.6 The History of Trace Elements in Coal
3 Mode of Occurrence of Trace Elements in Coal
3.1 Trace Element-Organic Matter Associations
3.2 Methods for Determining the Total Amount of Mineral Matter
3.3 The Identification of Minerals in Coal
3.4 Trace Element-Mineral Matter Associations
3.5 Silicon-rich Minerals
3.6 Carbonate Minerals
3.7 Sulfide Minerals
3.8 Oxides
3.9 Sulfates
3.10 Phosphates
3.11 Lignites and Brown Coals
4 Methods of Analysis
4.1 Bulk Sampling
4.2 Preparation of Sample for Analysis
4.3 Contamination
4.4 Reference Materials
4.5 Chemical Methods
4.6 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
4.7 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
4.8 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
4.9 Neutron Activation Analysis
4.10 X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
4.11 Spark Source Mass Spectrometry
4.12 Other Methods
4.13 Consideration of Results
5 Contents of Trace Elements in Coals
5.1 General Comments
5.2 Detailed Information for Individual Trace Elements
5.2.1 Antimony
5.2.2 Arsenic
5.2.3 Barium
5.2.4 Beryllium
5.2.5 Bismuth
5.2.6 Boron
5.2.7 Bromine
5.2.8 Cadmium
5.2.9 Cesium
5.2.10 Chlorine
5.2.11 Chromium
5.2.12 Cobalt
5.2.13 Copper
5.2.14 Fluorine
5.2.15 Gallium
5.2.16 Germanium
5.2.17 Gold
5.2.18 Hafnium
5.2.19 Indium
5.2.20 Iodine
5.2.21 Lead
5.2.22 Lithium
5.2.23 Manganese
5.2.24 Mercury
5.2.25 Molybdenum
5.2.26 Nickel
5.2.27 Niobium
5.2.28 Phosphorus
5.2.29 Platinum Group Elements
5.2.30 Radium
5.2.31 Rare Earth Elements
5.2.32 Rhenium
5.2.33 Rubidium
5.2.34 Scandium
5.2.35 Selenium
5.2.36 Silver
5.2.37 Strontium
5.2.38 Tantalum
5.2.39 Tellurium
5.2.40 Thallium
5.2.41 Thorium
5.2.42 Tin
5.2.43 Titanium
5.2.44 Tungsten
5.2.45 Uranium
5.2.46 Vanadium
5.2.47 Yttrium
5.2.48 Zinc
5.2.49 Zirconium
6 Comparisons of Coal with Shale and Soil
6.1 Comparisons of Coal with Soil
6.2 Comparisons of Coal with Shale
7 Variations within Seams
7.1 Geographical Variations
7.2 StratigraphiC Variations
7.3 Vertical Variations
7.4 Lateral Variations
8 Radioactivity and Coal
9 Relevance of Trace Elements in Coal
9.1 Effects of Beneficiation
9.2 Seam Correlation and Discrimination
9.3 Degree of Marine Influence
9.4 Environmental Aspects
9.4.1 Mining and Related Operations
9.4.2 Rehabilitation after Mining
9.4.3 Combustion for Power Production
9.4.4 Deposition of Trace Elements from the Atmosphere
9.5 Health Aspects
9.6 Coal as a Possible Source of Metals and Nonmetals
10 Concluding Remarks
11 References