Multimodal treatment lies at the heart of the improvement in cancer cure rates. However, the more aggressive the treatment delivery in terms of dose, time and volume for radiation and chemotherapy, the more adverse effects in normal tissues can be anticipated. Against this background, a major paradigm shift has taken place in that there is a new focus on cancer survivorship. Put another way, there has been a realization that prolongation of life must be accompanied by maintenance of the quality of life: the life worth saving must be worth living.

Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) have been applied to assess the quality of survival of long-term cancer survivors. In the 1950s, the concept of late effects was considered unique to radiation. Yet, when the CTC were first developed more than two decades ago, they applied to acute adverse events due to chemotherapy (v1.0). Since late changes due to drugs were not recognized until years later, the initial update (v2.0) additionally incorporated only acute radiation toxicity. More recently, however, v3.0 has been designed to apply to all modalities and to encompass both early and late treatment effects. Other important developments in the United States have been the creation of the Office of Cancer Survivorship and the publication of "From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition" by the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council, which has raised awareness of the many concerns facing cancer survivors.

This volume is based on the CURED II conference held in May 2007, which was attended by scientists from many leading institutions. The volume comprises 18 chapters by leading experts who address a variety of important topics relating to late treatment effects, such as mechanisms and evolution of injury, risk factors, the role of screening, options for interventions, second malignancies, and prevention. It is hoped that it will assist the reader in understanding how to prevent and treat the long-term side-effects of irradiation, thus improving the quality of life of long-term survivors of cancer.

Inhalt
Concured: Defining the Leading Edge in Research of Adverse Effects of Treatment for Adult-Onset Cancers.- Bioimaging In Vivo to Discern the Evolution of Late Effects Temporally and Spatially.- Association Between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Susceptibility for the Development of Adverse Effects Resulting from Radiation Therapy.- Prospective Second-Cancer Risk Estimation for Contemporary Radiotherapeutic Protocols.- Bioengineering in the Repair of Irradiated Normal Tissue by Bone Marrow Derived Stem Cell Populations.- Development of a Queriable Database for Oncology Outcome Analysis.- Post-Radiation Dysphagia.- Lithium as a Differential Neuroprotector During Brain Irradiation.- Risks and Surveillance of Second Malignant Tumors in Prostate and Bladder Cancer Survivors.- Cardiotoxic Effects of Radiation Therapy in Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Breast Cancer Survivors and the Potential Mitigating Effects of Exercise.- Biodetection and Biointervention: Cytokine Pathways as a Rationale for Anticytokine Interventions Post-Radiation.- Late Toxicity from Hypofractionated Stereotactic Body Radiation.- The Radiation Spectrum of Normal Tissue Toxicity and Tolerance Multiorgan Domino Effect.- Risk Factors for Second Malignancies Following Stem Cell Transplant.