The OHOLO Conferences have been convened annually from the Spring of 1956; the wide areas they have covered, from different and overlapping disciplines, can be seen from the following list: 1956 Bacterial Genetics (not published) 1957 Tissue Cultures in Virological Research (not published) 1958 Inborn and Acquired Resistance to Infection in Animals (not published) 1959 Experimental Approach to Mental Diseases (not published) 1960 Cryptobiotic Stages in Biological Systems 1961 Virus-Cell Relationships* 1962 Biological Synthesis and Function of Nucleic Acids 1963 Cellular Control Mechanism of Macromolecular Synthesis 1964 Molecular Aspects of Immunology 1965 Cell Surfaces 1966 Chemistry and Biology of Psychotropic Agents (not published) 1967 Structure and Mode of Action of Enzymes 1968 Growth and Differentiation of Cells In Vitro 1969 Behaviour of Animal Cells in Culture 1970 Microbial Toxins 1971 Interaction of Chemical Agents with Cholinergic Mechanisms 1972 Immunity in Viral and Rickettsial Diseases* The participants who attend these Conferences are drawn from dif­ ferent scientific institutions in Israel and from many foreign countries; they are engaged in fields of study which represent widely divergent approaches to biology. Thus a distinguishing feature of the OHOLO meetings has been their multi-disciplinary nature. Published by Elsevier Publishing Co. , Amsterdam (1960). * Published by the Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona. *** Published by Plenum Press, New York (1972). ix PREFACE x These small international conferences are also characterized by their relaxed atmosphere, with ample time for informal as well as formal discussions.

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Welcoming Address.- Initiation of Transcription by RNA Polymerases of E.coli and Phage T3.- In-vivo and In-vitro Initiation of Transcription.- Bacillus Cereus Outgrowth "Early Proteins" and Their Possible Role in Control of Transcription.- In-vitro Transcription of E.coli tRNA Genes Carried by Transducing Phages.- Symmetrical Transcription in Animal Cells and Viruses.- Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression in Eukaryotes.- New Developments in Protein Synthesis. A Survey.- mRNA Specific Initiation Factors in the Control of Protein Synthesis.- Some Correlations Between Ribosomal Proteins and Ribosomal Activities.- DNA Complementary to Globin and Immunoglobulin mRNA: a Probe to Study Gene Expression.- Defective Translational Control in the ?-Thalassemia of Ferrara.- Control of Gene Expression in Animal Cells: the Cascade Regulation Hypothesis Revisited.- Control of Gene Expression During Erytbroid Cell Differentiation.- Regulation of Developmental Pathways Following Infection of Escherichia coli by Bacteriophage Lambda.- Faulty Proteins: Altered Gene Products in Senescent Cells and Organisms.- Regulation of the Expression of the Reovirus Genome In-vivo and In-vitro.- SV40 DNA Molecules which Contain Host Cell DNA.- Studies on the Replicase of Encephalomyocarditis Virus.- Induction of C-Type Particles in Mammalian Cancer Cells.- RNA Directed DNA Polymerase in C-Type Particles from Normal Rat Thymus Cultures and Moloney Leukemia Virus.- The Molecular Biology of the Steroid Hormones.- Effects of Oestradiol on Different Cell Types.- Sequential Gene Expression in Response to Estradiol-l7?, During Post-Natal Development of Rat Uterus.- Panel Discussion.- List of Participants.