With the growing availability and decreasing cost of brain imaging technologies, it has become possible for researchers, physicians, forensics experts, and legal professionals to study brain changes in humans associated with substance abuse. In Brain Imaging in Substance Abuse: Research, Clinical, and Forensic Applications, highly experienced clinical researchers from diverse fields describe the use of electroencephalography, emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging to study the neural effects of substance abuse. The authors detail the effects of drugs, including alcohol, benzodiazepines, marijuana, opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, and solvents on brain electrical activity, metabolism, hemodynamics, receptor and neurotransmitter levels, neurochemistry, and structure. The striking findings they report emerge from more than 1350 articles in some 320 journals, and are organized by method, abused substance and drug use state. The book examines the most commonly used neuropsychological tests and highlights associations between neuroimaging findings and behavior. Comprehensive and readily accessible, Brain Imaging in Substance Abuse: Research, Clinical, and Forensic Applications offers psychiatrists, radiologists, neurologists, pharmacologists, physiologists, psychologists, substance abuse specialists, and legal professionals a broad yet thoroughly integrated understanding of the methods and results obtained with clinical neuroimaging studies of substance abuse today.

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The last two decades have seen prodigious growth in the application of brain imaging methods to questions of substance abuse and addiction. Despite considerable advances in our understanding of the central effects of drugs provided by preclinical data, relatively little direct evidence was known of how substances of abuse affect the brain and other eNS processes in humans. Brain imaging techniques have allowed access to the human brain and enabled the asking of questions never before imagined. The positron emission tomography (PET) data ofVolkow and her colleagues in the late 1980s, showing the uptake and time course of cocaine's binding in the human brain, revealed for the first time the distinct sites of action of this drug. This work was extremely important because it showed clearly, through imaging a drug in the brain of a living human, that the time course of its action paralleled the behavioral state of "high. " This study marked a turning point in our understanding of drug-brain-behav­ ior interactions in humans. Many more investigations of drug effects on the structure and function of the human brain were soon to follow, leading to much better insights into brain systems. Brain imaging allowed for the direct assessment of structural and functional anatomy, biology, and chemistry in substance abusers.

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Chapter 1. Electroencephalography, Topographic Mapping, and Event-Related Potentials in Substance Abuse Research, Elena M. Kouri, PhD and Scott E. Lukas, PhD. History of the Electroencephalogram, Recording the Electroencephalogram, Analysis of the EEG, Topographic Mapping, Artifact Avoidance, Utility of Electroencephalographic Techniques in Substance Abuse Research, Event-Related Potentials, Utility of Event-Related Potentials in Substance Abuse Research, Caveats in Interpreting Electrophysiologic Data in Substance Abuse Research, Future Directions, Acknowledgments, References. Chapter 2. Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography: Methods and Applications in Substance Abuse Research, Robert T. Malison, MD. Introduction, Principles Underlying Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography, Basic Limitations of Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography, Applications in Substance Abuse Research, Conclusions, References. Chapter 3. Fundamentals of Magnetic Resonance, Perry F. Renshaw, MD, PhD, Blaise deB. Frederick, PhD, and Luis C. Maas III, MD, PhD. Introduction, General Principles, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Other Magnetic Resonance Methods, Summary, Acknowledgments, References. Chapter 4. Electroencephalographic Studies of Substance Use and Abuse, Lance O. Bauer, PhD. Introduction, Electroencephalographic Studies of Acute Effects of Psychoactive Drugs, Electroencephalographic Studies of Chronic Substance Abusers, Discussion, Acknowledgments, References. Chapter 5. Emission Tomographic Studies in Substance Abuse, Jonathan M. Levin, MD, MPH. Introduction, Alcohol and Alcoholism, Marijuana, Hallucinogens, Benzodiazepines, Heroin and Opiates, Cocaine, Amphetamine and Methamphetamine, Methylphenidate, Solvents ('Thinners') and Toluene, Conclusions, Acknowledgment, References. Chapter 6. Magnetic Resonance Findings in Substance Abuse, Marc J. Kaufman, PhD and Jonathan M. Levin, MD, MPH. Introduction, Alcohol and Alcoholism, Marijuana and Hallucinogens, Benzodiazepines, Heroin and Opiates, Cocaine, Amphetamine and Other Stimulants, Solvent Abuse and Occupational Exposure, Polydrug Abuse, Concluding Remarks, Acknowledgments, References. Chapter 7. Neuropsychological Correlates of Drug Abuse, Staci A. Gruber, EdM and Deborah A. Yurgelun-Todd, PhD. Introduction, Alcohol, Marijuana, Hallucinogens, Benzodiazepines, Opiates, Cocaine, Amphetamine and Other Stimulants, Solvents, Conclusion, Acknowledgments, References. Chapter 8. Neuroimages as Legal Evidence, Jennifer J. Kulynych, JD, PhD and Douglas W. Jones, PhD. Introduction, Science and the Law, Neuroimages as Psychiatric Evidence, Substance Abuse, Neuroimaging, and Crime, Conclusion, References. Glossary. Bibliography of Research Studies in Substance Abuse, Marc J. Kaufman, PhD. Introduction to the Bibliography, Bibliography Table of Contents, EEG and Evoked Potentials, Emission Tomography, Magnetic Resonance, Neuropsychology. Index.