Biopolymers for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications

Provides insight into biopolymers, their physicochemical properties, and their biomedical and biotechnological applications

This comprehensive book is a one-stop reference for the production, modifications, and assessment of biopolymers. It highlights the technical and methodological advancements in introducing biopolymers, their study, and promoted applications.

"Biopolymers for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications" begins with a general overview of biopolymers, properties, and biocompatibility. It then provides in-depth information in three dedicated sections: Biopolymers through Bioengineering and Biotechnology Venues; Polymeric Biomaterials with Wide Applications; and Biopolymers for Specific Applications. Chapters cover: advances in biocompatibility; advanced microbial polysaccharides; microbial cell factories for biomanufacturing of polysaccharides; exploitation of exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria; and the new biopolymer for biomedical application called nanocellulose. Advances in mucin biopolymer research are presented, along with those in the synthesis of fibrous proteins and their applications. The book looks at microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), as well as natural and synthetic biopolymers in drug delivery and tissue engineering. It finishes with a chapter on the current state and applications of, and future trends in, biopolymers in regenerative medicine.

• Offers a complete and thorough treatment of biopolymers from synthesis strategies and physiochemical properties to applications in industrial and medical biotechnology
• Discusses the most attracted biopolymers with wide and specific applications
• Takes a systematic approach to the field which allows readers to grasp and implement strategies for biomedical and biotechnological applications

"Biopolymers for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications" appeals to biotechnologists, bioengineers, and polymer chemists, as well as to those working in the biotechnological industry and institutes.

Autorentext
Bernd Rehm received his MSc and PhD degrees (microbiology) from the Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, in 1991 and 1993, respectively. He continued as a postdoc at the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of British Columbia, Canada. From 1996 to 2003, he was a research group leader at the Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology at the University of Münster, Germany, where he also completed his habilitation. In 2003 he was appointed as Associate Professor and in 2005 promoted to Full Professor/Chair of Microbiology at Massey University in New Zealand. From 2013 to 2016 he was principal investigator of the Centre of Research Excellence (New Zealand) at the MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology. He was recently appointed as Director of the Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymer at Griffith University (Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Australia), and is the founder and chief technology officer of the biotechnology start-up company PolyBatics Ltd.
He is editor-in-chief and editor of 5 scientific journals as well as an editorial board member of 10 scientific journals and the sole editor of 5 books. He has authored over 200 scientific publications, and holds more than 30 patents. His R&D interests are in the microbial production of polymers and their applications. His recent studies focused on the use of engineered microorganisms to produce functionalized nano-/micro-structures for applications in diagnostics, enzyme immobilization, and antigen delivery.

Dr. Fata Moradali received his MSc degree from Tehran University and his PhD degree in molecular microbiology and genetics from Massey University, New Zealand. Early years of his career were spend for investigating bioactive components from natural resources particularly fungi. Then, it was followed by spending several years in Prof. Bernd Rehms laboratory investigating molecular mechanism of alginate biosynthesis and signaling pathways in the model organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa. He then moved to the Department of Oral Biology, Florida University, USA, to join Dr. Mary Ellen Daveys laboratory to continue cutting-edge research in the field of human oral biology and microbiota. Dr. Moradali has contributed to our understanding of bacterial physiology and pathogenesis and the molecular mechanism of alginate biosynthesis in P. aeruginosa as a model organism. His research has provided new insights into the molecular mechanism of alginate polymerization/modification and its activation by bacterial second messenger cyclic di-GMP. By employing genetic engineering in his research, he demonstrated the production of various alginates from P. aeruginosa for the production of tailor- made alginate. He has extensive expertise in microbial genetics and physiology with respect to pathogenesis as well as production of microbial compounds.

Inhalt

1 Advances in Biocompatibility: A Prerequisite for Biomedical Application of Biopolymers **1
**Matthew R. Jorgensen, Helin Räägel, and Thor S. Rollins

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Biocompatibility Evaluation of Biopolymeric Materials and Devices 2

1.3 Using a Risk-Based Approach to Biocompatibility 4

1.3.1 Chemistry of Biopolymers and Risk 6

1.3.2 Chemistry Screening of Biopolymers 7

1.4 Specific Biological Endpoint Evaluations 11

1.4.1 Cytotoxicity 11

1.4.2 Systemic Toxicity (Acute, Subacute, Subchronic, and Chronic) 12

1.4.3 Implantation 14

1.5 Conclusion 15

References 16

2 Advanced Microbial Polysaccharides **19
**Filomena Freitas, Cristiana A.V. Torres, Diana Araújo, Inês Farinha, João R. Pereira, Patrícia Concórdio-Reis, and Maria A.M. Reis

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Functional Properties and Applications of Microbial Polysaccharides 20

2.3 Commercially Relevant Microbial Polysaccharides: Established Uses and Novel/Prospective Applications 22

2.3.1 Pullulan 22

2.3.2 Scleroglucan 23

2.3.3 Xanthan Gum 23

2.3.4 Dextrans 24

2.3.5 Curdlan 24

2.3.6 Gellan Gum 24

2.3.7 Levan 25

2.3.8 Hyaluronic Acid 25

2.4 Hydrogels Based on Microbial Polysaccharides 25

2.5 Bionanocomposites Based on Microbial Polysaccharides 29

2.6 Bioactive Polysaccharides from Microalgae: An Emerging Area 32

2.6.1 Polysaccharide-Producing Microalgae 33

2.6.2 Biological Activity and Potential Applications 33

2.6.2.1 Antiviral Activity 36

2.6.2.2 Immunomodulatory, Anti-inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities 36

2.6.2.3 Anticoagulant and Antithrombotic Activity 38

2.6.2.4 Antioxidant Activity 38

2.6.2.5 Other Biological Properties 39

2.6.3 Commercialization Prospects 39

2.7 Applications of Chitinous Polymers 40

2.7.1 Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitinous Polysaccharides 40

2.7.2 Properties of Chitinous Polysaccharides 41

2.7.3 Applications of Chitinous Polysaccharides 41

2.7.3.1 Biomedical Applications 42

2.7.3.2 Pharmaceutical Applications 43

2.7.3.3 Food Applications 43

2.7.3.4 Other Applications 43

2.8 Microbial Polysaccharides: A World of Opportunities 44

Acknowledgments 45

References 45

3 Microbial Cell Factories for Biomanufacturing of Polysaccharides **63
**M. Fata Moradali and Bernd H.A. Rehm

3.1 Introduction 63

3.2 Prominent Microbial Polysaccharides and Their Properties and Applications 63

3.2.1 Xanthan and Acetan 64

3.2.2 Succinoglycan and Galactoglucan 64

3.2.3 Sphingan Polysaccharides 66

3.2.4 Pullulan 66

3.2.5 Cellulose and Curdlan 67

3.2.6 Alginates 67

3.2.7 Hyaluronic Acid or Hyaluronate 68

3.2.8 Dextrans 68

3.2.9 Levan and Inulin 69

3.3 Biosynthesis Pathways of Bacterial Polysaccharides 69

3.3.1 Genetic Background Required for Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides in Bacteria 70

3.3.2 Production of Active Precursor, Polymerization, and Polysaccharide Modifications 71

3.3.3 Regulatory Pathways an…