The Advanced Study Institute on "Structure, Biogenesis and Dynamics of Biological Membranes, held in Cargese from June 14-26, 1993, has been dealing with four major topics in membrane biochemistry today: lipid dynamics and lipid-protein interactions, protein translocation and insertion, intracellular traffic aud protein structure and folding. The lecturers discussed these topics starting from several disciplines, including biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, and biophysics. This wayan interdisciplinary and very inte~sting view on biological membrane systems was obtained. At first an extensive overview of -mainly biophysical -techniques which can be used to study dynamic processes in membranes was presented. Sophisticated approaches such as ESR and NMR have been applied succesfully to unravel details of specific lipid-protein interactions. x­ ray analysis provides detailed structural information of several proteins and the possible implications for protein functions. Information obtained this way is complemented by studies on mechanisms and kinetics of protein folding. The latter information is indispensable when discussing protein translocation and insertion: proces:;es in which folding and unfolding play essential roles. Extensive insight was offered in the complicated machinery of phospholipid biosynthesis. In particular, the application of sophisticated genetic techniques has allowed a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating the synthetic machinery and detailed studies on a variety of mutants, lacking one or more of the essential enzymes, have resulted in the beginning of a bL!:

Inhalt

Role of phospholipids in cell function.- Assembly of sphingolipids into membranes of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.- Localization of phospholipids in plasma membranes of mammalian cells.- Some aspects of intracellular lipid traffic.- Intracellular localization and mechanisms of regulation of phosphatidylinositol transfer protein in Swiss mouse 3T3 cells.- Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein function in yeast.- Conversion of the amphiphilic 115 kDa form of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D to an active, hydrophilic 47 kDa form.- Magnetic resonance studies of protein-lipid interactions.- Lipid-protein interactions with the hydrophobic SP-B and SP-C lung surfactant proteins in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers.- Protein-membrane interactions in the complex biological milieu.- Protein sorting and glycolipid-enriched detergent-insoluble complexes in epithelial cells.- Structural and functional consequences of acylation of a transmembrane peptide.- Non-crystallographic methods to study membrane proteins.- Preferred local conformations of peptides comprising the entire sequence of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and their roles in protein folding.- Co-translational modification, stability and turnover of eukaryotic proteins.- Structure and mechanism of porins.- The pore-forming toxin aerolysin: from the soluble to a transmembrane form.- Signal sequences: roles and interactions by biophysical methods.- Assembly of integral membrane proteins.- How do proteins cross a membrane?.- Protease secretion by Erwinia chrysanthemi and Serratia marcescens.- ScFv antibody fragments produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum and the vacuole.- Preprotein binding by ATP-binding site mutants of the Bacillus subtilis secA.- Internal disulfides in the diphteria toxin A-fragment block its translocation to the cytosol.- Molecular characterization, assembly and membrane association of the GroEL-type chaperonins in Synechocystis PCC 6803.- Identification and characterization of novel ATP-binding cassette proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.- Molecular interactions involved in the passage of the cytotoxic protein a-sarcin across membranes.- Oligosaccharyl transferase and protein disulfide isomerase: two key enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum.- Division of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis in animal cells.- Organelle inheritance in budding yeast.- Fusion activity of influenza virus towards target membranes: pH requirements and effect of dehydrating agents.- Structure and regulation of a gene cluster involved in capsule formation of Yersinia pestis.- The toxin of the marine alga Prymnesium patelliferum increases cytosolic Ca2+ in synaptosomes and voltage sensitive Ca2+-currents in cultured pituitary cells.- Semliki Forest virus induced cell-cell fusion and pore formation.