The publication of this book Petroleum Formation and Occurrence by Bernard Tissot and Dietrich Welte will indeed be welcomed by pertroleum geologists, petroleum geochemists, teachers and students in these fields, and all others who are interested in the origin and accumulation of hydrocarbons in nature. It is indeed a privilege for us to have the opportunity of sharing with these two eminent scientists the wealth of information they have acquired and developed during long careers devoted to concentrated scholarly study and practical investigation of the nature, origin, and occurrence of petroleum. Professor Bernard Tissot graduated from the Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines in 1954 and from the Ecole Nationale Superieure du Petrole in 1955. In 1955 he received a D. E. S. in geology from the University of Grenoble and then began research work on petroleum geology at the Institut Fran~ais du Petrole. He was made head of the Department of Geochemistry in 1965, and since 1970 has also been teaching organic geochemistry at the Ecole Nationale Superieure du Petrole where he became Profes­ sor in 1973. Professor Tissot has had a broad and varied background of practical experience. He has been a member of exploration teams in France, New Caledonia, and Sahara. In 196G-1963 he headed a mission of the IFP to the Department of National Development of Australia.

Inhalt

I Production and Accumulation of Organic Matter: A Geological Perspective.- 1 Production and Accumulation of Organic Matter. The Organic Carbon Cycle.- 1.1. Photosynthesis - The Basis for Mass Production of Organic Matter.- 1.2 The Organic Carbon Budget During the History of the Earth.- 1.3 The Organic Carbon Budget in the Black Sea.- Summary and Conclusion.- 2 Evolution of the Biosphere.- 2.1 Phytoplankton and Bacteria.- 2.2 HigherPlants.- 2.3 Geological History of the Biosphere.- Summary and Conclusion.- 3 Biological Productivity of Modern Aquatic Environments.- 3.1 Primary Producers of Organic Matter.- 3.2 Factors Influencing Primary Productivity.- 3.3 Present Primary Production of the Oceans.- Summary and Conclusion.- 4 Chemical Composition of the Biomass: Bacteria, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Higher Plants..- 4.1 Proteins and Carbohydrates.- 4.2 Lipids.- 4.3 Lignin and Tannin.- 4.4 Qualitative and Quantitative Occurrence of Important Chemical Constituents in Bacteria, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and Higher Plants.- 4.5 Natural Associations and Their Effects on Biomass Composition.- Summary and Conclusion.- 5 Sedimentary Processes and the Accumulation of Organic Matter.- 5.1 Fossil and Modern Sediments Rich in Organic Matter, and Their Geological Implication.- 5.2 The Role of Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter.- 5.3 Accumulation Mechanisms for Sedimentary Organic Matter.- Summary and Conclusion.- References.- II The Fate of Organic Matter in Sedimentary Basins: Generation of Oil and Gas.- 1 Diagenesis, Catagenesis and Metagenesis of Organic Matter.- 1.1 Diagenesis.- 1.2 Catagenesis.- 1.3 Metagenesis and Metamorphism.- Summary and Conclusion.- 2 Early Transformation of Organic Matter: The Diagenetic Pathway from Organisms to Geochemical Fossils and Kerogen.- 2.1 Significance and Main Steps of Early Transformations.- 2.2 Biochemical Degradation.- 2.3 Polycondensation.- 2.4 Insolubilization.- 2.5 Isotopic Composition of Organic Matter in Young Sediments.- 2.6 Result and Balance of Diagenesis.- Summary and Conclusion.- 3 Geochemical Fossils and Their Significance in Petroleum Formation.- 3.1 Diagenesis Versus Catagenesis: Two Different Sources of Hydrocarbons in the Subsurface.- 3.2 Hydrocarbons Inherited from Living Organisms, Directly or Through an Early Diagenesis: Geochemical Fossils.- 3.3 n-Alkanes.- 3.4 Iso-and Anteiso-Alkanes.- 3.5 C10-branched Alkanes.- 3.6 Acyclic Isoprenoids.- 3.7 Tricyclic Diterpenoids.- 3.8 Steroids and Pentacyclic Triterpenoids: Occurrence in Recent and Ancient Sediments.- 3.9 Fate of Steroids and Triterpenoids During Diagenesis.- 3.10 Other Polyterpenes.- 3.11 Aromatics.- 3.12 Oxygen and Nitrogen Compounds.- 3.13 Kerogen as a Possible Source of Fossil Molecules.- Summary and Conclusion.- 4 Kerogen: Composition and Classification.- 4.1 Definition and Importance of Kerogen.- 4.2 Isolation of Kerogen.- 4.3 Microscopic Constituents of Kerogen.- 4.4 Chemical and Physical Determination of Kerogen Structure.- 4.5 Chemical Analysis.- 4.6 Physical Analysis.- 4.7 General Structure of Kerogen.- 4.8 Depositional Environment and Composition of Kerogen: the Evolution Paths.- 4.9 Conclusion.- Summary and Conclusion.- 5 From Kerogen to Petroleum.- 5.1 Diagenesis, Catagenesis and Metagenesis of Kerogen.- 5.2 Experimental Simulation of Kerogen Evolution.- 5.3 Structural Evolution of Kerogen.- 5.4 Formation of Hydrocarbons During Catagenesis.- 5.5 Carbon Isotope Fractionation and Kerogen Evolution.- 5.6 Experimental Generation of Hydrocarbons from Organic Material.- Summary and Conclusion.- 6 Formation of Petroleum in Relation to Geological Processes. Timing of Oil and Gas Generation.- 6.1 General Scheme of Petroleum Formation.- 6.2 Formation of Gas.- 6.3 Genetic Potential and Transformation Ratio.- 6.4 Nature of the Organic Matter. Gas Provinces Versus Oil Provinces.- 6.5 Temperature, Time and Pressure.- 6.6 Timing of Oil and Gas Generation.- 6.7 Comparison Between the Time of Source Rock Deposition and the Time of Petroleum Generation.- Summary and Conclusion.- 7 Coal and its Relation to Oil and Gas.- 7.1 General Aspects of Coal Formation.- 7.2 The Formation of Peat.- 7.3 Coalification Process.- 7.4 Coal Petrography.- 7.5 Petroleum Generation.- Summary and Conclusion.- 8 Oil Shales: A Kerogen-Rich Sediment with Potential Economic Value.- 8.1 Historical.- 8.2 Definition of Oil Shales. Oil Shale Versus Petroleum Source Rock.- 8.3 Composition of Organic Matter.- 8.4 Conditions of Deposition.- 8.5 Oil Shale Density.- 8.6 Pyrolysis of Oü Shales.- 8.7 Oil Yield Composition of Shale Oil.- 8.8 Oil Shale Distributions and Reserves.- Summary and Conclusion.- References.- III The Migration and Accumulation of Oil and Gas.- 1 An Introduction to Migration and Accumulation of Oil and Gas.- Summary and Conclusion.- 2 Physicochemical Aspects of Primary Migration.- 2.1 Temperature and Pressure.- 2.2 Compaction.- 2.3 Fluids.- 2.4 Possible Modes of Primary Migration.- Summary and Conclusion.- 3 Geological and Geochemical Aspects of Primary Migration.- 3.1 Time and Depth of Primary Migration.- 3.2 Changes in Composition of Source Rock Bitumen Versus Crude Oil.- 3.3 Evaluation of Geological and Geochemical Aspects of Primary Migration.- 3.4 Preliminary Conclusions and Suggestions on Primary Migration.- Summary and Conclusion.- 4 Secondary Migration and Accumulation.- 4.1 The Buoyant Rise of Oil and Gas Versus Capillary Pressures.- 4.2 Hydrodynamics and Secondary Migration.- 4.3 Geological and Geochemical Implications of Secondary Migration.- 4.4 Termination of Secondary Migration and Accumulation of Oil and Gas.- 4.5 Distances of Secondary Migration.- Summary and Conclusion.- 5 Reservoir Rocks and Traps, the Sites of Oil and Gas Pools.- 5.1 Reservoir Rocks.- 5.2 Traps.- Summary and Conclusion.- References.- IV The Composition and Classification of Crude Oils and the Influence of Geological Factors.- 1 Composition of Crude Oils.- 1.1 Petroleum Versus Source Rock Bitumen.- 1.2 Analytical Procedures for Crude Oil Characterization.- 1.3 Main Groups of Compounds in Crude Oils.- 1.4 Principal Types of Hydrocarbons in Crude Oils.- 1.5 Sulfur Compounds.- 1.6 Nitrogen Compounds.- 1.7 Oxygen Compounds.- 1.8 High Molecular Weight N, S, O Compounds.- 1.9 Organometallic Compounds.- 1.10 Covariance Analysis of Main Crude Oil Constituents.- Summary and Conclusion.- 2 Classification of Crude Oils.- 2.1 General.- 2.2 Historical.- 2.3 Basis of Proposed Classification of Crude Oils.- 2.4 Classification of Crude Oils.- 2.5 Characteristics of the Principal Classes of Crude Oils.- 2.6 Concluding Rema…