Every three years, the International Society for Arterial Chemoreception (ISAC) arranges a Meeting to bring together all of the major International research groups investigating the general topic of oxygen sensing in health and disease, with a prime focus upon systemic level hypoxia and carotid body function. This volume summarises the proceedings of the XIXth meeting of the Society, held in Leeds, UK during the summer of 2014. As such this volume represents a unique collection of state of the art reviews and original, brief research articles covering all aspects of oxygen sensing, ranging from the molecular mechanisms of chemotransduction in oxygen sensing cells such as the carotid body type I cells, to the adverse, reflex cardiovascular outcomes arising from carotid body dysfunction as seen, for example, in heart failure or obstructive sleep apnoea. This volume will be of tremendous interest to basic scientists with an interest in the cellular and molecular biology of oxygen sensing and integrative, whole organism physiologists as well as physicians studying or treating the clinical cardiovascular consequences of carotid body dysfunction.

Inhalt
Preface.- C Peers & P Kumar.- 2 Epigenetic regulation of Carotid Body Oxygen Sensing: Clinical Implications, J. Nanduri, N. R. Prabhakar.- 3 Experimental observations on the biological significance of hydrogen sulfide in carotid body chemoreception, T.Gallego-Martin, T. Agapito, M. Ramirez, E. Olea, S. Yubero, A. Rocher, A. Gomez-Nino, A. Obeso, C. Gonzalez.- 4 The CamKK inhibitor STO609 causes artefacts in calcium imaging and selectively inhibits BKCa in mouse carotid body type I cells.- J. G. Jurcsisn, R. L. Pye, J. Ali, B. L. Barr and C. N. Wyatt.- 5 Tissue dynamics of the carotid body under chronic hypoxia: a computational study, A. Porzionato, D. Guidolin, V. Macchi, G. Sarasin, A. Mazzatenta, C. Di Giulio, J. Lopez-Barneo, R. De Caro.- 6 Paracrine Signaling in Glial-like Type II cells of the Rat Carotid Body, S. Murali, M. Zhang, C. A. Nurse.- 7 Selective and opioid agonists inhibit voltage-gated Ca2+ entry in isolated rat carotid body type I cells, E. M. Ricker, R. L. Pye, B. L. Barr, C. N. Wyatt.- 8 Measurement of ROS levels and membrane potential dynamics in the intact carotid body ex vivo, A. Bernardini, U. Brockmeier, E. Metzen, U. Berchner-Pfannschmidt, E. Harde, A. Acker-Palmer, D. Papkovsky, H. Acker, J. Fandrey.- 9 Acutely administered leptin increases [Ca2+]i and changes membrane conductance via modulation of BKCa channels in rat carotid body type I cells, R.L. Pye, E.J. Dunn, E.M. Ricker, B.L. Barr, C.N. Wyatt .- 10 Functional properties of mitochondria in the type-1 cell and their role in oxygen sensing, K.J. Buckler & P.J. Turner.- 11 Potentiation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by hydrogen sulfide precursors 3-mercaptopyruvate and D-cysteine is blocked by the cystathione g lyase inhibitor propargylglycine, J. Prieto-Lloret & P. I. Aaronson.- 12 Modulation of the LKB1-AMPKsignalling pathway underpins hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension, A.M. Evans, S.A. Lewis, O.A. Ogunbayo, J. Moral-Sanz.- 13 Organismal Responses to Hypoxemic Challenges, R.S. Fitzgerald, G.A. Dehghani, S. Kiihl.- 14 Effect of lipopolysacchride (LPS) exposure on structure and function of the carotid body in newborn rats, Z.R. Master, K. Kesavan, A. Mason, M. Shirahata, E.B. Gauda.- 15 Hypoxic Ventilatory Reactivity in Experimental Diabetes, M. Pokorski, M. Pozdzik, J. Antosiewicz, A. Dymecka, A. Mazzatenta, C. Di Giulio.- 16 Adenosine receptor blockade by caffeine inhibits carotid sinus nerve chemosensory activity in chronic intermittent hypoxic animals, J.F. Sacramento, C. Gonzalez, M.C. Gonzalez-Martin and S.V. Conde.- 17 Neurotrophic properties, chemosensory responses and neurogenic niche of the human carotid body, P Ortega-Sáenz, J Villadiego, R Pardal, JJ Toledo-Aral and J López-Barneo.- 18 Is the carotid body a metabolic monitor?, M. Shirahata, W-Y Tang, M.-K. Shin, V. Polotsky.- 19 Lipopolysaccharide-induced ionized hypocalcemia and acute kidney injury in carotid chemo/baro-denervated rats, R. Fernandez, P. Cortes, R. del Rio, C. Acuna-Castillo, E.P. Reyes.- 20 Role of the Carotid Body Chemoreflex in the Pathophysiology of Heart Failure: A Perspective from Animal Studies, H.D. Schultz, N. J. Marcus & R. Del Rio.- 21 A short-term fasting in neonates induces breathing instability and epigenetic modification in the carotid body, W.-Y. Tang, E. Kostuk, M. Shirahata.- 22 Carotid Body Chemoreflex Mediates Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Adrenal Medulla, G.K. Kumar, Y-J. Peng, J. Nanduri, N.R. Prabhakar.- 23 The association between antihypertensive medication and blood pressure control in patients with obstructive sleep apnea, L.N. Diogo, P. Pinto, C. Bárbara, A.L. Papoila, E.C. Monteiro.- 24 An overview on therespiratory stimulant effects of caffeine and progesterone on response to hypoxia and apnea frequency in developing rats, A. Bairam, N.P. Uppari, S. Mubayed, V. Joseph.- 25 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes patients: a likely involvement of the carotid bodies, P. Vera-Cruz, F. Guerreiro, M.J. Ribeiro, M.P. Guarino, S.V. Conde.- 26 Possible role of TRP channels in rat glomus cells, I. Kim, L. Fite, D. F. Donnelly, J. H. Kim, J. L. Carroll.- **27 Nitric oxide deficit is part of the maladaptive paracrine-autocrine response of the carotid body to intermittent hypo...