The book discusses ideas concerning the order and balance of nature (or "economy of nature") from the late 17th century to the early 20th century. The perspective taken is broad, longue durée and interdisciplinary, and reveals the interplay of scientific, philosophical, moral and social ideas. The story begins with natural theology (dating roughly to the onset of the so-called Newtonian Revolution) and ends with the First World War. The cut-off date has been chosen for the following reasons: the war changed the state of things, affecting man's way of looking at, and relating to, nature both directly and indirectly; indeed, it put an end to most applications of Darwinism to society and history, including interpretations of war as a form of the struggle for existence. The author presents an overview of the different images of nature that were involved in these debates, especially in the late 19th century, when a largepart of the scientific community paid lip service to 'Darwinism', while practically each expert felt free to interpret it in his own distinct way. The book also touches on the so-called 'social Darwinism', which was neither a real theory, nor a common body of ideas, and its various views of society and nature's economy. Part of this book deals with the persistence of moralizing images of nature in the work of many authors. One of the main features of the book is its wealth of (detailed) quotations. In this way the author gives the reader the opportunity to see the original statements on which the author bases his discussion. The author privileges the analysis of different positions over a historiography offering a merely linear narrative based on general implications of ideas and theories. To revisit the concept of the so-called "Darwinian Revolution", we need to examine the various perspectives ofscientists and others, their language and, so to speak, the lenses they used when reading "facts" and theories. The book ends with some general reflections on Darwin and Darwinisms (the plural is important) as a case study on the relationship between intellectual history, the history of science and contextual history. Written by a historian, this book really gives new, multidisciplinary perspectives on the "Darwinian Revolution."

Autorentext

Antonello La Vergata was full professor of the History of Philosophy at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia until his retirement in 2022. He has also been visiting professor of the History of Science at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, and at the Stanford University Program in Florence. He was awarded the Prix Marc-Auguste Pictet by the Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève (1995), and the "Giuseppe Montalenti Medal" by the Department of Evolutionary Biology "Charles Darwin", at the University of Rome (2014). He is a member of the editorial board of various scientific/historical journals, and has published over 250 articles and six books. His research areas include: the history of evolution theories; relations between the life sciences, philosophy and the social sciences; war; images of nature and man's place in nature; science and literature.