This first of a two-part volume (Book I) deals with a unit intellectual cultural history of science in the Renaissance within fundamental frameworks. An intellectual cultural history of science examines how human and their intellectual experiences have been expressed in, and emerged by scientific ideas. Taking into account the excellence of the essays – which cover several branches and disciplines in history and epistemology of science – this book also provides perspectives on the enduring influence of a historiographical tradition, e.g., the emergence of fundamental works on mathematics and geometry, household’s principal functions, food and culture, clock instrumentation, surgery as a practical branch of medicine. It describes the ways it differently accounted for variation in unlike countries and consequently how its results remain, still nowadays, a debated question, as well as due to constraints preventing an extensive exploration of its remarkable historiography. This volume gathers selected and double peer review contributions by historians of physics/mathematics/science as new fundamental perceptions in the history of science during the Renaissance, ranging across several fields of science within its intellectual and cultural history. The book is an accessible avenue to understanding cultural issues to develop scientific ideas by leading authorities who offer much-needed historical insights into the field of intellectual and fundamental history of science. It provides an absorbing and revealing read for historians, philosophers and scientists alike.