Properly treated sewage effluent becomes an alternative source of irrigation water, and at the same time it provides a convenient means of sewage disposal through land treatment to prevent potential health and environmental hazards caused by uncontrolled flow of wastewater. The objective of this volume is to provide the reader with a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the principles and practices of irrigation with treated sewage effluent, including special reference to arid quality of the water (e.g. pathogenic organisms, salt, nutrients). The present volume describes the main components of effluent-soil-plant systems involved in the development of appropriate irrigation-fertilization-cropping management for optimizing crop production. Comprehensive information has been suggested on the following subjects: 1. source, treatment and properties of sewage effluent; 2. main processes of different effluent constituents on soil-plant systems; 3. irrigation-fertilization management; 4. irrigation systems for sewage effluent.

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1 Introduction.- 2 Sources, Treatment Processes and Uses of Sewage Effluent.- 2.1 Sources of Sewage Water.- 2.2 Composition of Raw Sewage.- 2.3 Principal Treatment Methods.- 2.3.1 Considerations in Selecting Treatment Level.- 2.3.2 Primary Treatment Methods.- 2.3.3 Secondary Treatment Methods.- 2.3.4 Disinfection.- 2.3.5 Advanced Wastewater Treatment.- 2.4 Reuse and Disposal of Sewage Effluent and Sludge.- 2.4.1 Reuse of Effluent.- 2.4.2 Sludge Disposal.- 2.5 Land Treatment of Sewage Effluent: Approaches, Systems and Methods.- 2.6 Integrating Treated Sewage Effluent in the Overall Water Resources.- 2.7 Storage of Treated Effluent.- 2.8 Properties of Secondary Effluent.- 2.8.1 Introduction.- 2.8.2 Salinity and Sodicity of Effluents.- 2.8.3 Macronutrients.- 2.8.4 Organic Compounds, COD, and BOD.- 2.8.5 Trace Elements and Trace Organics.- 2.8.6 Suspended Solids and Clogging Hazard.- 2.8.7 Pathogens.- 3 Effect of Irrigation with Treated Sewage Effluent on Soil, Plant and Environment.- 3.1 Salinity and Sodicity.- 3.1.1 Determination of Soil Salinity.- 3.1.2 The Control of Soil Salinity.- 3.1.3 Soil Sodicity and Soil Physical Properties.- 3.1.4 The Crop-Salinity Production Function.- 3.1.5 Total Salinity (Osmotic) Effect.- 3.1.6 Specific Ion Toxicity Effects.- 3.1.7 Direct Injury to the Foliage.- 3.2 Transport of Chemicals and Hazardous Materials in the Soil.- 3.2.1 Introduction.- 3.2.2 Mechanistic-Deterministic Approach.- 3.2.3 Stochastic Approach.- 3.3 Nitrogen.- 3.3.1 Introduction.- 3.3.2 Nitrogen Transformations in Soil.- 3.3.3 Nitrate Leaching from the Root Zone.- 3.3.4 Uptake of N by Crops.- 3.3.5 Effect of Overdose of N on Crop Production and Quality.- 3.4 Phosphorus.- 3.4.1 Introduction.- 3.4.2 Phosphorus Concentration and Forms in Soils.- 3.4.3 Phosphorus Transformations in Soils.- 3.4.4 Soil Processes Affecting P Movement.- 3.4.5 Effect of Irrigation with Sewage Effluent on Soil P and P Movement in Soil Profile.- 3.4.6 Phosphorus Uptake by Crops.- 3.4.7 Prediction of P Movement and Leaching Through the Soil.- 3.5 Potassium.- 3.5.1 Role of Effluent K in Agriculture.- 3.5.2 Sources, Phases and Transformations of Soil-K.- 3.5.3 Potassium Uptake by Crops.- 3.5.4 Potassium Transport in Soils.- 3.6 Trace Elements.- 3.6.1 Introduction.- 3.6.2 Practical Considerations.- 3.6.3 Trace Element Reactions in Soil.- 3.6.4 Beneficial and Hazardous Effects of Trace Elements on Plants and Animals.- 3.6.5 Food Chain Aspects.- 3.6.6 Effects of Specific Trace Elements on Soil, Plant, and Food Chain.- 3.7 Organic Compounds.- 3.7.1 Organic C and N.- 3.7.2 Trace Organics.- 3.7.3 Reactions of Trace Organics in Soil.- 3.8 Suspended Solids.- 3.9 Health Aspects.- 3.9.1 Sources of Health Problems.- 3.9.2 Health Criteria.- 3.9.3 Health Guidelines for the Use of Sewage Effluent in Agriculture.- 4 Practical Use of Effluent Irrigation.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Arid and Semi-Arid Regions.- 4.2.1 Arizona.- 4.2.2 California.- 4.2.3 New Mexico.- 4.2.4 Mexico.- 4.2.5 Werribee, Australia.- 4.2.6 Frankston, Australia.- 4.2.7 Alberta, Canada.- 4.2.8 Israel.- 4.3 Humind Regions.- 4.3.1 Pennsylvania.- 4.3.2 Florida.- 4.3.3 Braunschweig, Germany.- 5 Irrigation and Fertilization Management.- 5.1 Site Selection - Soil, Hydrological and Climatic Characteristics.- 5.1.1 Topography.- 5.1.2 Soil Properties.- 5.1.3 Geologic Factors.- 5.1.4 Groundwater Depth.- 5.1.5 Climatic Factors.- 5.1.6 Practical Recommendations.- 5.2 Irrigation Scheduling.- 5.2.1 Crop Water Requirements.- 5.2.2 Determination of the Irrigation Interval.- 5.3 Irrigation-Fertilization Interrelations.- 5.3.1 General Considerations.- 5.3.2 Nitrogen Management.- 5.3.3 Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and Sulfate Management.- 5.4 Trace Elements.- 5.5 Crop Selection.- 5.6 Drainage.- 5.6.1 Introduction.- 5.6.2 Criteria for Drainage Needs and Design.- 5.7 Monitoring.- 6 Irrigation Systems for Sewage Effluent.- 6.1 Considerations in Irrigation System Design.- 6.1.1 Introduction.- 6.1.2 Theoretical Considerations.- 6.1.3 Surface Irrigation Systems.- 6.1.4 Pressurized Irrigation Systems.- 6.2 Piping Systems.- 6.2.1 Materials.- 6.2.2 Safety.- 6.3 Storage and Pumping.- 6.3.1 Storage.- 6.3.2 Pumps.- 6.4 Chlorination.- 6.5 Precipitation of CaCO3.- 6.6 Fertilizer and Chemical Injection Systems.- 6.7 Filters.- 6.7.1 General Considerations.- 6.7.2 Hydrocyclon (Centrifugal) Filters.- 6.7.3 Screen Filters.- 6.7.4 Gravel or Sand Media Filters.- 6.8 Irrigation System Maintenance.- References.