This book revisits an important chapter of financial history in the Middle East and the Balkans from 1870 1914. During this period, capital flows in the form of sovereign debt increased rapidly throughout the region. The spiral of heavy government borrowing eventually culminated in defaults on foreign obligations in the Ottoman Empire (1875), Egypt (1876), Greece (1893) and Serbia (1895). In all four cases, introducing international financial control over the finances of the debtor states became the prevalent form of dealing with defaults. The different cases of international financial control became increasingly refined and they marked important milestones in the evolution of the global governance of sovereign debt before 1914. For the defaulting states however, the immediate impact of international financial control was infringement of sovereignty. The extent of international financial control and the borrowing capacity of debtor states varied in each case as well as the degree of resistance towards it. This book documents the characteristics of international financial control in a comparative perspective. It relates sovereign debt, default and international financial control to political and fiscal systems, and raises questions about the tension between national sovereignty and global capital. It sheds light on the impact of international financial control on the long-term credibility and fiscal capacity of the debtor states in question. The author demonstrates that the governments' decisions to borrow internationally, and their attitudes towards international financial control, were heavily influenced by domestic political and fiscal factors.

Autorentext
Ali Co?kun Tunçer is Lecturer in Modern Economic History at the Department of History, University College London (UCL). Previously he taught and conducted research in economic history at the London School of Economics and the European University Institute, Italy. His research focuses on the economic and financial history of the late Ottoman Empire, long-term economic change in the Middle East and Southeast Europe, the history of financial markets from the early modern era to the present, and long-term market integration in Europe and the Mediterranean.

Inhalt

1 Introduction
2 Governing Sovereign Debt: Defaults And Enforcement, 1870-1914
2.1 Origins Of Defaults: Financial And Monetary Constraints
2.2 Costs Of Defaults: Enforcement And Conditionality
2.2.1 Direct Sanctions And Preventing Access To Future Credit
2.2.2 Protective Clauses And Bondholder Committees
2.2.3 Assignment And Control Of Future Revenues
2.3 Summary And Conclusions
3 From Financial Control To Colonisation: Egypt, 1862-1914
3.1 Khedives As Borrowers: Crisis, Default And Punishment
3.2 The Loss Of Political Sovereignty And Imperial Rivalry
3.3 Summary And Conclusions
4 From ''Financial Barbarism'' To Cooperation: The Ottoman Empire, 1854-1914
4.1 Lending To The Sick Man Of Bond Markets
4.2 The Loss Of Fiscal Sovereignty And Cooperation
4.3 Summary And Conclusions
5 From Fiscal Control To Financial Supervision: Serbia, 1878-1914
5.1 A Newborn State Surrounded By Foreign Creditors
5.2 Financial Control In A ''LandOf Monopolies''
5.3 Summary And Conclusions
6 From Financial Supervision To Political Resistance: Greece, 1879-1914
6.1 Financial Isolation And Settlement: A History Of Defaults
6.2 Refining The Control And ''Mistrust'' To Creditors
6.3 Summary And Conclusions
7 International Financial Control And Sovereign Risk
7.1 Determinants Of Sovereign Risk Before 1914: A Critical Review
7.2 Measuring Sovereign Risk: Sources And Methodology
7.3 Structural Breaks In Spread: The Bai-Perron Test
7.4 Summary And Conclusions
8 Debt, Default And Resistance: Political Economy Of Ifcs
8.1 Fiscal Capacity, Political Regimes And Tax Systems: A Review
8.1.1 Taxation Vs Representation
8.1.2 Direct Vs Indirect Taxes
8.1.3 Political Regime Type And Public Debt
8.1.4 Foreign Rule: Resistance Vs Cooperation
8.1.5 Conclusion
8.2 Varying Degrees Of Success And The Extent Of Control
8.3 Political Institutions And Tax Systems In The Middle East And The Balkans
8.4 Summary And Conclusions
9 Conclusion
Bibliography
Data Appendix